PSYCH 333 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Previous Lecture I Multidimensional vs One Dimensional Models II The Nature of Genes III Genes and the Environment Outline of Current Lecture I Quiz 2 on Chapter 2 Current Lecture Quiz 2 on Chapter 2 1 Most automatic function are controlled by the part of the brain called brain stem 2 In the diathesis stress model stress refers to life events in combination with an inherited tendency that trigger a disorder and an exposure to very unusual and extreme environmental conditions 3 Recent research and increased understanding about the role of neurotransmitters in psychopathology point out that simple cause effect conclusions stating that an individual neurotransmitter abnormality causes a disorder are incomplete 4 Functions of the limbic system include control or regulation of emotional experiences expressions impulse control and basic drives such as aggression sex hunger and thirst 5 In an experiment by Kolb Gibb and Gorny 2003 animals of varying ages were placed in complex environments Their findings suggest that the impact of the environment on the brain is different at varying stages of life 6 Research studies using the procedure called cross fostering have shown that genetically emotional and reactive young animals raised by calm mothers tended to be calm 7 Your uncle spent most of his teen years in hospital undergoing treatment for a severe physical illness As an adult he is rather shy and withdrawn particularly around women He has been diagnosed with social phobia which you believe is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years Your theory or model of what caused his phobia is one dimentional 8 The brain and the spinal cord comprise the central nervous system These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 9 In the Stroop color naming paradigm a patient with a blood phobia would be expected to name the color of the printed word wound more slowly than a neural word 10 The synaptic cleft is the area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron 11 The relationship between emotion and health is demonstrated by the fact that hostility and anger increase one s risk of heart disease 12 The midbrain coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of the reticular activation system 13 The major difference between the modern cognitive science idea of the unconscious and Fred s view of the unconscious is that Freud saw the unconscious as a seething caldron of emotional conflicts whereas modern cognitive science views it as the ability to process store and act upon information without awareness 14 In a study conducted by Haber and Barchas 1983 monkeys were injected with amphetamine a central nervous system stimulant Comparison of the drug s effects on the dominant versus submissive monkeys demonstrated that the effects of brain chemicals such as drugs are different for individual animals depending upon their place in the social hierarchy 15 The most recent estimates are that genetics contribute approximately 30 50 to the development of personality characteristics such as shyness or activity level 16 Although the two halves of the cortex look alike structurally the left hemisphere seems to be chiefly responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes 17 Amanda learned to fear snakes after seeing one for the first time at the zoo However it took many exposures to the sound of tapping dancing shoes before she learned to fear that sound The concept that would explain the fact that we learn to fear some objects more easily than others is prepared learning 18 It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals because learned helplessness in animals resembles the human disorder of depression 19 Anxious males tend to have a higher rate of alcoholism than females One likely explanation for this difference is that men are more likely to use alcohol to deal with anxiety than to admit they are afraid 20 Which of the following states is TRUE a Glial cells are passive cells that serve to connect and insulate neurons b There are fewer glial cells than there are neurons c There are different types of glial cells with several specific functions d Glial cells slow down the process of neural communication 21 Some people may be genetically predisposed to seek out difficult relationships These difficult relationships may contribute to their experience of depression This is an example of the reciprocal gene environment model 22 A lifespan psychologist would point out that the only way to understand a patient s disorder is to understand how the individual developed from childhood to adulthood 23 In a landmark study by Caspi et al 2003 researchers studied the stressful life events and genetics of 847 individuals For individuals who had at least four stressful life events the risk of major depression doubled if they possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied 24 The idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events is a characteristic of the reciprocal gene environment model 25 The peripheral nervous system is made up of the somatic and autonomic nervous system