PSYCH 333 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Previous Lecture I. Multidimensional vs One-Dimensional ModelsII. The Nature of GenesIII. Genes and the EnvironmentOutline of Current LectureI. Quiz 2 on Chapter 2Current LectureQuiz 2 on Chapter 21. Most automatic function are controlled by the part of the brain called brain stem2. In the diathesis-stress model, “stress” refers to life events, in combination with an inherited tendency, that trigger a disorder and an exposure to very unusual and extremeenvironmental conditions3. Recent research and increased understanding about the role of neurotransmitters in psychopathology point out that simple cause/effect conclusions stating that an individual neurotransmitter abnormality causes a disorder are incomplete4. Functions of the limbic system include control or regulation of emotional experiences, expressions, impulse control, and basic drives such as aggression, sex, hunger, and thirst5. In an experiment by Kolb, Gibb, and Gorny (2003), animals of varying ages were placed in complex environments. Their findings suggest that the impact of the environment on the brain is different at varying stages of life6. Research studies using the procedure called “cross fostering” have shown that genetically emotional and reactive young animals raised by calm mothers tended to be calm7. Your uncle spent most of his teen years in hospital undergoing treatment for a severe physical illness. As an adult, he is rather shy and withdrawn, particularly around women. He has been diagnosed with social phobia, which you believe is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years. Your theory or model of what caused his phobia is one-dimentional8. The brain and the spinal cord comprise the central nervous systemThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.9. In the Stroop color naming paradigm, a patient with a blood phobia would be expected to name the color of the printed word “wound” more slowly than a neural word10. The synaptic cleft is the area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron11. The relationship between emotion and health is demonstrated by the fact that hostility and anger increase one’s risk of heart disease12. The midbrain coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of the reticular activation system13. The major difference between the modern cognitive science idea of the unconscious andFred’s view of the unconscious is that Freud saw the unconscious as a seething caldron of emotional conflicts, whereas modern cognitive science views it as the ability, to process, store, and act upon information without awareness14. In a study conducted by Haber and Barchas (1983), monkeys were injected with amphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant. Comparison of the drug’s effects on the dominant versus submissive monkeys demonstrated that the effects of brain chemicals such as drugs are different for individual animals depending upon their place in the social hierarchy15. The most recent estimates are that genetics contribute approximately 30-50% to the development of personality characteristics such as shyness or activity level16. Although the two halves of the cortex look alike structurally, the left hemisphere seems to be chiefly responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes17. Amanda learned to fear snakes after seeing one for the first time at the zoo. However, it took many exposures to the sound of tapping dancing shoes before she learned to fear that sound. The concept that would explain the fact that we learn to fear some objects more easily than others is prepared learning18. It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals because learned helplessness in animals resembles the human disorder of depression19. Anxious males tend to have a higher rate of alcoholism than females. One likely explanation for this difference is that men are more likely to use alcohol to deal with anxiety than to admit they are afraid20. Which of the following states is TRUE?a. Glial cells are passive cells that serve to connect and insulate neuronsb. There are fewer glial cells than there are neuronsc. There are different types of glial cells with several specific functionsd. Glial cells slow down the process of neural communication21. Some people may be genetically predisposed to seek out difficult relationships. These difficult relationships may contribute to their experience of depression. This is an example of the reciprocal gene-environment model22. A lifespan psychologist would point out that the only way to understand a patient’s disorder is to understand how the individual developed from childhood to adulthood23. In a landmark study by Caspi et. al. (2003), researchers studied the stressful life events and genetics of 847 individuals. For individuals who had at least four stressful life events,the risk of major depression doubled if they possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied24. The idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events is a characteristic of the reciprocal gene-environment model25. The peripheral nervous system is made up of the somatic and autonomic nervous