PSYCH 333 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Previous Lecture I. Quiz 3 Chapter 3+4Outline of Current LectureI. Anxiety, Fear, and PanicII. Biological ContributionsIII. Psychological ContributionsIV. Social ContributionsV. Comorbidity of Anxiety and Related DisordersVI. Anxiety DisordersCurrent LectureAnxiety, Fear, and Panic- Anxiety- negative affect; somatic symptoms of tension; future oriented; feelings that onecannot predict or control upcoming events- Fear- negative affect; strong sympathetic nervous system arousal; immediate alarm reaction characterized by strong escapist tendencies in response to present danger or life threatening emergencies- Anxiety and fear often cause panic attacks; they usually occur during inappropriate times- Expected panic- when you put yourself in a situation that would arouse those feelings-ex. Skydiving or cliff jumping- Unexpected panic- occurs during daily life routines or while sleeping-people often think they are having a heart attack or serious health issue-people who have experienced this often develop anxiety disorder for fear that it will occur again- Panic attack- abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutesBiological Contributions- Increased physiological vulnerability:-Polygenetic influences Corticotropin releasing factors (CRF)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Brain circuits and neurotransmittersincludes GABA; Noradrenergic; Serotonergic systems- CRF and the HPAC axis- Limbic System:-Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) includes brain stem; Septal-hippocampal system; amygdala-Fight/Flight (FFS) system panic circuit; alarm and escape response- Brain circuits are shaped by environmenthave an interactive relationship with somatic symptomsPsychological Contributions- Freud:-Anxiety is the psychic reaction to danger-Reactivation of infantile fear situation- Behaviorists believe that classical and operant conditioning or modeling of certain behaviors can influence one’s likelihood of developing anxiety or panic disordersSocial Contributions- Triple Vulnerability: -Generalized biological vulnerability Diathesis-Generalized Psychological vulnerability beliefs/perceptions-Specific psychological vulnerability learning/modeling- Biological vulnerabilities triggered by stressful -Family, interpersonal, occupational, educational stressors most common-heritable contribution to negative affect “Glass is half empty”- Specific Psychological vulnerability- e.g. physical sensations are potentially dangerous-anxiety/panic about health and potential danger- Generalized Psychological Vulnerability- sense that events are uncontrollable or unpredictable-tendency towards lack of self-confidence, low self-esteem, inability to copeComorbidity of Anxiety and Related Disorders- High rates of comorbidity: 55-76%- Commonalities: features and vulnerabilities- Anxiety often links with physical disorders- Suicide: approximately 20% of people with anxiety and depression attempt suicideAnxiety Disorders- Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)-Clinical description: shift in thought from possible crisis to possible crisis; worry about minor or everyday concerns; issues with sleeping-GAD in children: need only one physical symptom to be diagnosed; worry about academic, social, and athletic performance-Similar diagnostic rates worldwide: approximately 3.1% diagnosed every year; 5.7% diagnosed within a lifetime; insidious onsetearly adulthood; usually chronic-GAD in the elderly: worry about failing health and loss; 10% prevalence; 17-50% of cases involve use of minor tranquilizers for medical/sleep