10/24/20091Chapter 6Mood DisordersBipolar DisorderClass ObjectivesWhat is Bipolar Disorder?ˉ How does this differ from Unipolar Mood Disorder?How do Mood Disorders develop?How are Mood Disorders treated?What do you know about Bipolar Disorder?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10/24/20092Someone who alternates between depression and mania has “Bipolar disorder”(formerly called Manic-Depressive illness.)__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder, affects approximately 2.3 million adult Americans, about 1.2 percent of the population.ˉ ____________________________________________________________________________________________The disorder typically emerges in adolescence or early adulthood, ˉ but in some cases appears in childhood.A Milder but more chronic version of bipolar is ________________________________The symptoms are not as severe, patients cycle between mild depression and ___________________________________________10/24/20093Cyclothymic DisorderA person with this disorder tends to ________________________________________________________________________________with few periods of neutral mood (Euthymia)ˉ This pattern of mood is chronic lasting at least 2 years.The behavior is not severe enough to require hospitalization but the _________ ______________________________________________________________________________________People with Cyclothymic disorder are at an increased risk of developing the more severe bipolar I or II.ˉ Bipolar I:______________________________________________________ˉ Bipolar II: alternation of depression with __________ ______________________________________________________When does Bipolar emerge?On average, Bipolar disorder develops between the ____________________________. ˉ Although childhood cases of bipolar have been documented (Weissman et al., 1991).ˉ It is relatively rare for a person to develop Bipolar disorder after the age of 40.10/24/20094How much do you know?True or false?Women are approximately twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with a mood disorder. How much do you know?True or false?It is often difficult to diagnose depression in the elderly because its symptoms are similar to those of medical problems or dementia. How much do you know?True or false?Depression requires life experiences, which is why young children cannot experience the disorder.10/24/20095What Causes Mood Disorders?Is it biology?Is it in our genes?The best evidence that genes contribute to mood disorders comes from twin studies:ˉ ______________________________________________________________________________________________Research suggests that an identical twin is 2-3 times more likely to present with a mood disorder than a fraternal twin if the first twin had a mood disorder (McGuffin, 2003).Strong support for genetic contributionStudies examining bipolar disorder report:ˉ 66.7% of identical twins compared with only 18.9% of fraternal twinsˉ 45.6% versus 20.2% if the first twin had unipolar disorder._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10/24/20096What does this all mean?This research suggests that severe ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How much do life events effect mood disorders?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Impact of Life StressorsResearch supports the notion that severe __________________________________________________________________________________________ Major life stress is a strong predictor for initial episodes of depression (Brown et al, 1994).10/24/20097_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ itself and there are some events that are particularly likely to lead to depression.-Very common events are a break-up of a relationship or a death of a loved one.These stressful events often become “triggers” for mania and depression.Although almost everyone who becomes depressed has experienced a significant stressful event, most people who experience such events do not become depressed.ˉ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Group work!How can the development of a mood disorder be explained? Why don’t all people who experience a life stressor develop depression?10/24/20098Can your PERCEPTION cause depression? People become anxious and depressed when they decide they have ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Learned HelplessnessThis research has become an important model called the learned helplessness theory of depression._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Perception is keySeligman discovered that a depressed person thought about the bad event in ______________________________________________________________________________________‐ People who have experienced depression in the past are more likely to accept depression in their future.- Therefore less likely to attempt change.10/24/20099Seligman’s research on Learned Helplessness has become a major source in understanding and treating depression The concept that thinking influences depression is currently one of the ________________________________________Overcoming DepressionSeligman suggests that people can overcome depression by learning new ___________________________________________‐ This is the basis of cognitive therapy. In such therapies, the counselor challenges the client's beliefs and explanations of life's events.Treatments for Mood DisordersThere are a variety of treatments for mood disorders that are proven effective.ˉ______________________________________________10/24/200910Cognitive Behavioral Therapy(CBT)Aaron Beck also suggested that depression may result from a tendency to _________________________________________ˉ People with depression make the worst of everything. ˉ These