GEOG 102 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1-2 World Regional Geography (August 26)1.Geography is the study of the Earth’s surface and the interactive physical and human processes that shape the surface.- Described as interdisciplinary because it links physical sciences with social sciences.- Focus on physical geography is on Earth’s physical processes and how they affect humans.- Human geography studies the patterns and processes that create distinctive landscapes and regions.2.Some central questions geographers ask are:- How and why people came to occupy a particular place?- How people may create environmental problems.- How people interact with other places, far and near.3.A “global approach” is focusing on the knowledge about physical and social characteristics worldwide.4.A scale refers to the relationship between the size of the thing on the map and it’s actual size on the Earth’s surface. - 4 scales used are: global, world regional, subregional, and local scale.5.We can define regions using Physical features, political boundaries, and cultural characteristics.6.Geographers say that boundaries used to define regions are fuzzy because there can be mixed /integrated aspects such as language and food that are shared between closely located regions. The boundaries are not sacred because they are unpredictable. Geographers use regions to define even though they are so hard to define because they are a good guide.7.We should be aware of over-generalization when we make comparisons. Big comparisons might be unfair, incorrect, and dangerous because of over-generalization.8.“The Danger of a Single Story” means representing a person, place, or thing as only one thing until they become that thing. Creates stereotypes that may lead to misjudgment.9.7 Ways we will compare world regions are:- physical patterns- population patterns- human patterns overtime- economic issues- political issues- socio-cultural issues- environmental issuesLecture 3-4 North America (August 28 – September 2)Geographical Setting: Landforms1. A landform is a physical feature of the Earth’s surface 2. The Rocky Mountains is the mountain range that extends from the Bering Strait, throughAlaska, and into Mexico3. The North American Plate and the Pacific Plate rub together and cause earthquakes4. The Appalachian Mountains were created when the North American Plate collided with the African Plate5. Glaciers covered much of North America during periodic ice ages over the past 2 million years. As the glaciers receded they left behind the Great Lakes6. The Great Lakes were formed by the melting glaciers7. Much of the Lowlands in Louisiana and Mississippi are filled in by the Mississippi river delta8. The undulating plains created by the deposition of material eroded from the mountains resulted in the formation of the North American central lowlands that lies between the 2major mtn. rangesClimate9. Climate is consistent long term weather patterns within a region. Long term balance of temperature and precipitation. Weather is a day to day forecast as opposed to the consistent pattern that determines climate.10. The climate types represented in North America are: - Topical- Subtropical- Sub polar- Polar- Highlands11. The characteristics of a Mediterranean climate are:- Dry and warm in summer- Cool and moist in winter12. The name of the warm ocean current that flows up the eastern seaboard of North America is the Gulf Stream Current13. The large size of the North American continent creates wide temperature variations because land heats up and cools more rapidly than water, temperatures in the interior ofthe continent are hotter in the summer and cooler in the winter than in coastal areas, where temperatures are moderated by the oceans14. Globalization is changes produced by interregional linkages. Globalization has changed the way we think about world regions because it introduced international trade in economics and beyond.15. Globalization existed before 1400 BC, it’s not new. European colonialism is when European powers began colonizing areas in other regions this trend intensified global linkages and trade and funded slave labor.16. The change from colonies to European nations is linked to globalizationNorth America: Political and Economic Issues1. Interdependence characterizes the relationship between the US and Canada, they have the longest unfortified border in the world.2. Asymmetry means unequal or not the same. 3 Asymmetries between the US and Canada are population, economy, and politics and military. 4 similarities are: former British colonies, representative democracies, similar patterns of ethnic diversity, and similar legal systems. 3. The fact that each is the other’s largest trading partner and both countries’ economies have transitioned together makes the US and Canada interdependent.4. Most of the Canadian population lives in southern Canada, close to the US border.5. The US and Canada’s economies have shifted with the growth of the service sector so they are more dependent on the sale of services.6. 1% of the US population is engaged in farming.7. NAFTA = North American Free Trade Agreement. It is an example of Globalization.8. A trade deficit is an imbalance caused when one spends more on imports than it earns from exports. This can cause the values of imports to be higher than exports, and a loss of US jobs while increasing jobs in Canada and Mexico.9. The Asian link is the US growing trade with Asia that yields good products at low cost and is highly productive.10. Outsourcing is when work is moved to lower cost to zones outside of North America. IT jobs face competition from India, China, and Europe.11. The primary beneficiaries of free trade are US and Canada.12. A “boom” town is a place that is wealthy for a certain time due to profitable resource. A “bust” occurs in such a town when the resource is no longer in demand and causes the economy in the area to decline. Changes in these towns are related to geography in terms of population growth and density. Changes can reduce globalization.13. NAFTA has increased migration and immigration. Immigration has also become more strict and difficult in some places.14. Some perspectives on migration include supporters who say immigration so not be so strict because workers are needed, and immigrants do the jobs that nobody wants to do.Protestors say illegal immigrants are taking jobs