GEOG 102 1nd Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. EuropeA. Human Patterns Over Time1. World War 1 &22. The Cold War3. Democratization B. Population PatternsOutline of Current Lecture II. EuropeC. Current Geographical Issues4. European Uniona. Institutionsb. Currencyc. Migration5. “The Lawless Sea”a. Maritime issues and questions of supranational (transcends national boundaries) governance.Current Lecture Current Geographical Issues- Important transition in Europe resulting from:- Fall of Soviet Union- Rise of European Uniono Post WW2 Desire for economic and social intergration Free flow of goods and peopleThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Counterbalance US in political and military affairso Steps in creating EU European Economic Community (EEC) 1958 Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, France, Italy, and West Germany. Eliminate tariffs, mutual trade and cooperation New members joined thru 1990s 1992 EEC: EU more than economic policyo EU Nonmembers Switzerland, Norway Neutral role Candidate countries: Albania, Serbia, Turkey, Iceland, etc. Membership Standards Political Stability and democratically elected government Constitution in accordance with EU standards Functioning market economy that is open to investment by foreign-owned companies and has well controlled banks. Farms and industries must meet regulations Governing Institutions European parliament Represents and is elected by EU citizens # of seats = population size of country Similar to US House of Representatives The Council of the EU Represents the government of the individual members countries Includes ranges of appointed ministers European Commission Represents the interest of the Union as a whole Like an exec Branch of government Each EU member state gets one commissionerEconomic Integration and a Common Currency- Joined European national economies into common market- Benefits from Economies of Scale - Avg. cost of producing something falls as the volume of its output increaseso Ex: 100 magazine copies = $3k 1000 magazine copies = $4k- Larger market and larger profits- The EU economy ~ 492 million people- Together the EU countries are wealthy- Common Currency- Official currency of the EU is the Euro- Used by 18 EU countries o Greater voice in EU economic policieso Not used by Denmark, UK, and Sweden- One of the preferred currencies of international trade and finance- Immigration and Migration: Needs and Fears- Schengen Agreement (1995) o Borderless Schengen areao Free movement of people and goods across common borders- Facilitated trade, employment, tourism, and migration- Attitudes Toward Internal International Migrants and Citizenship- International migrationo Central Europe into North, West, and South Europeo Mostly treated fairlyo Some prejudiced against Central Europeans- International Immigrationo From outside Europeo Varying acceptanceo Legally and Illegally (from former colonies and protectorates)o Guest workers Many Turks and North Africans Expected to stay only a few yearsSupranational Governance- 80% world’s goods move on ships- No ships, no global economy- Little regulation, even dangerous cargo- Oil, chemicals, nuclear