BIOL 252 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Homeostasis II Gradients III Feedback Loops IV The Cell V Key Terms in Physiology VI Metabolism VII Intro to Human Physiology Outline of Current Lecture I Plasma Membrane Transport II Carbohydrates Glucose Metabolism Current Lecture I Plasma Membrane Transport a Passive substance moves down concentration electric gradient using only kinetic energy b Diffusion solutes move down concentration electric gradient using only kinetic energy i Rate factors 1 Gradient steepness faster for steeper gradient 2 Temperature faster for higher temperature 3 Mass slower for larger particle size 4 Surface area faster for larger surface area 5 Diffusion distance slow for larger distance ii Simple diffusion 1 Passive w out membrane transport proteins 2 Nonpolar hydrophobic uncharged polar molecules iii Facilitated 1 Passive 2 Solutes too polar or highly charged to cross by simple diffusion 3 Assisted across membrane by integral membrane protein a Channel mediated K Cl Na Ca2 b Carrier mediated glucose fructose galactose must attach to carrier These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II iv Osmosis 1 Net movement of solvent through selective permeable membrane 2 Solutes move from high to low 3 Solvent move from low solute concentration to high solute concentration 4 Move between phospholipid molecules via simple diffusion 5 Move through integral proteins functioning as water channels aquaporins c Active polar or charged solutes needing to move against gradient energy required i Primary 1 Energy from ATP changes protein shape pumps substance across membrane 2 Na K pump a Expels Na brings in K b Maintain low Na in cytosol c Always working ii Secondary 1 Indirectly uses ATP 2 Carrier protein binds to Na plus another substance changes its shape so both can cross membrane simultaneously a Symporters transporter moves substances in same direction b Antiporters transporter moves substances in opposite directions Carbohydrates Glucose Metabolism a Terms i Glucose major energy source for ATP production ii Glycogen polymer of glucose iii Glycolysis glucose breakdown iv Gluconeogenesis form glucose from non CHO pre cursor v Glycogenolysis glycogen glucose vi Glycogenesis glucose glycogen b Glycolysis i 1 molecule of glucose 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2H 2 ATP ii Anaerobic iii Occurs in cytosol iv Pyruvate converts to 1 Lactate in cytosol anaerobic via LDH 2 Acetyl CoA in mitochondrial matrix aerobic via PDH c Key Enzymes i Hexokinase glucose G 6 P 1st step ii PFK major role in glycolysis rate iii LDH pyruvate lactate iv PDH pyruvate Acetyl CoA d Overview i
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