BIOL 252 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. PituitaryII. Pineal GlandIII. Thyroid GlandIV. Parathyroid glandsV. Pancreatic IsletsOutline of Current LectureI. LiverII. Adrenal GlandsIII. Lymphatic SystemIV. Lymphatic Vessels and LymphV. Lymphatic tissuesCurrent LectureI. Livera. IGF-1, growth hormone (somatotropin)b. Hypothalamus releases 2 hormones:i. GHRH (high protein meals, hypoglycemia, sleep, exercise)ii. GHIH (high carbohydrate meals)c. => GH => IGF-1 (somatomedin) => growth of cartilage, bone, muscle d. Tropic effecti. Growth hormone is short-lived in the bodyii. Has a long-term hormone that it turns on from the liver1. IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor)e. Growth hormonei. Specific effects of GH and IGF-1Proteins Increase production; decrease degradationFats Mobilized from adipocytes; preferentially used for energyCarbs Largely unused (glucose sparing effect) except for brain, kidney, liver RBCsii. GHRH => GH (and IGF-1) => growth of cartilage, bone, musclef. Disordersi. Gigantism: GH hypersecretion during childhood or adolescence These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Acromegaly: post-adolescent hypersecretion; thickening of bones and softissuesiii. Pituitary dwarfism: GH hyposecretion; rare since GH supplementation became available II. Adrenal Glandsa. Acts as post-ganglionic neuron as part of sympathetic nervous systemb. Stimulus comes from preganglionic neurons of SNSc. Neural stimulation => catecholamines (E and NE) => sympathetic effects (others)i. Other effects include:1. Mobilize fuels: lactate, fatty acids, glucose2. Glucose is produced in liver (glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis)3. Inhibit insulin secretion: glucose-sparing effect 4. Make glucose and breakdown glycogen to glucose but inhibit insulina. Provide immediate energy to brain (increase in blood glucose)d. Adrenal cortexi. Secretes 3 groups of steroid hormones (corticosteroids) from three layers of glandular tissueii. Zona glomerulosa1. Secretes mineralocorticoids: regulate body’s electrolyte balance2. Primary hormone: aldosterone a. Low Na+ or high K+ => aldosterone => pulls sodium back from kidney and decrease K+ iii. Zona fasciculate1. Secrete glucocorticoids: regulate metabolism of glucose and otherfuels2. Primary hormone: cortisola. Physical or mental stress => (CRH, ACTH) cortisol => increase fat and protein breakdown, increase gluconeogenesis 3. What happens when we are stressed?a. Glucose is used quickly b. Use fats for metabolismc. Breakdown proteinsd. Make new glucose from these sources i. Why? For the brain 4. Poll everywherea. Under which conditions would you NOT have “glucose sparing” (utilization of non-glucose fuels)?i. Physical/mental stress1. Not a lot of glucose, not using it widely throughout the bodyii. Diet = high qualify foods, exercise, sleeping well1. Leads to releasing hormone (GHRH)2. When we have GHRH – glucose sparingiii. High CRH levels (causing release of ACTH)1. Because there is cortisol productioniv. High GHIH levels1. Would lead to less growth hormone 2. High carbs – glucose in abundance, so we will use itHormone Effect on glucose utilization RationaleGH Decrease glucose usage Other fuel abundantEpinephrine Decrease glucose usage to most cells; instead use fats; make glucose available to nervous systemFight/flightCortisol Decrease glucose usage Glucose is scarce; spare for nervous system5. Cushing syndromea. Hypersecretion of cortisoli. Symptoms: hyperglycemia, hypertension, edema, abnormal fat deposition, muscle and bone loos dueto protein catabolismiv. Zona reticularis 1. Secretes sex hormones2. Primary hormone: DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)a. Responsible for testosterone effects in body if femaleb. Not itself a hormone, but is precursor to testosterone 3. Extremely high levelsa. AGS: adrenogenital syndromei. Adrenal androgen hypersecretionii. Masculinizing effects are life stage dependentiii. Newborn girls exhibit masculinized genitaliaiv. Earl onset of pubertyv. Women experience increased body hair, beard, deepening of voicee. Stress Physiologyi. Stress ex: surgery, injury, infection, depressionii. General adaptation syndrome (GAS) aka the stress response1. Alarm Reaction = NE and E preparing body for fight or flight2. Resistance Stage = ACTH released; alternative fuels mobilized3. Exhaustion Stage = proteins alone available; death imminent III. Lymphatic Systema. Lymphatic capillaries => collecting vessels => lymphatic trunks => collecting ducts b. Ducts dump into veins => circulatory systemc. Functions:i. Fluid recovery1. Fluid comes from tissues (interstitial fluid)ii. Lipid absorption1. Lipids go through lymphatic systemiii. Immunity 1. Lymph nodes (and other organs) use lymph to screen body for pathogens IV. Lymphatic Vessels and Lympha. Purpose of capillary = exchange (what moves in/out? Oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste)b. Water leaks out of capillariesc. Because lymphatic system is nearby, can return lost fluid system to venous system by the heartV. Lymphatic tissuesa. Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) is common beneath the mucosa of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, urinary systemsb. Mucosa – lining of digestive