GEOG 201 Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 7 Lecture 1 What is Human Geography The study of human distributions activities on the Earth s surface the processes that generate these distributions The spatial perspective how human activities are organized in space how they relate to the natural environment why Five Themes in Human Geography o Location the absolute position of something on the Earth s surface it s relative proximity to other related things o Place the local human and physical characteristics that uniquely define a place impart meaning to its inhabitants ordinary extraordinary sacred o Region an area characterized by similarity or by cohesiveness that sets it apart from other areas o Movement the flow of people goods money ideas or materials between locations near and far o Human Environment Interaction the ways in which human society the natural environment affect each other Lecture 2 Secondary data information obtained indirectly from another source that was previously collected processed made available to a larger audience Primary data information collected directly by the researchers or their equipment without any intermediary This can include surveys interviews observations or measurements in the field Spatial data information that has a geological or locational component What to do with spatial data Maps Geographical Information Systems GIS Remote Sensing Why maps Maps present large volume of info effectively efficiently present or communicate relationships between phenomena that may bot be evident in the raw data Maps are incomplete 2 D representations of the world which result in distortions systematic simplification projection distance shape symbols Symbols are used to represent information location magnitude typology etc Maps are manipulated to represent certain perspectives on the world they represent a set of ideas Map projection systematic distortion of distance shape to represent spherical surface on flat map o Spatial Scale 1 Map Scale Ratio between an actual distance on the ground to the length given to that distance on a map Example 1 10 000 one cm to ten thousand 1 300 000 one to three hundred thousand cm 3 km How many km Which one is a large scale map o Spatial Scale 1 Map Scale As real world mapped smaller county to city the scale is larger contains more detail large scale map As real world mapped bigger county to nation the scale is smaller contains less detail small scale map Scale of map depends on the argument objective of the map what is the point of the map Small cartographic scale large area national patterns or differences among states Large cartographic scale small area urbanization in southwestern US or regional patters o Spatial Scale 2 Scale of Analysis Territorial extent of phenomenon urbanization poverty etc Spatial scales are interrelated overlapping Spatial Aggregation The level of data aggregation influences the spatial patterns we see Aggregation is the size of the smallest geographic unit under investigation the unit of analysis City County State Income per person aggregated to city county state or country Ethnicity aggregated to city county state or country Map components Scale Bar graphic representation of distance ratio Legend Explanatory list of symbols in a map Usually appears in a box in a lower corner Orientation direction of North Types of Maps Reference Map general informational roads cities boundaries Thematic Maps Choropleth variation within defined boundary census district county country color tint changes Isoline lines connect points of equal value Graduate Circle Proportional Symbol size intensity of phenomenon Dot dot indicates occurrence of phenomenon Lecture 3 World Population Trends 6 7 billion with predicted increase to 9 2 billion by 2050 Increase 2 5 billion over 40 years absorbed in less developed regions Less developed regions 5 4 billion to 7 9 by 2050 From 1950 to today the combined populations of Asia Africa and Latin America have soared from 71 percent of the world s total to 83 percent predicted to be 87 by 205 More developed regions stable population at 1 2 billion with net migration of 2 3m annually Aging population More developed regions pop over 60 will increase from 245m to 406m and under 60 will decrease 971m to 839m Most growth will be experienced in the urban areas of the developing world Lecture 4 Two things that have never happened till recently 7 billion people worldwide now more people live in urban areas than rural Global distribution 6 75 billion people unevenly distributed across the globe 90 north of equator 10 of land area coastal areas river valleys Factors accessibility to arable land climate water historical settlement patterns ex Coastal Brazil Technological change ex railroads new farming practices Population density a numerical measure of the relationship between the number of people some other unit of interest expressed in a ratio often graphically represented in map form Crude density map number people per area unit Physiological Density Map number of people per unit of agriculturally productive land reflective of population demands on food resources Components of changing population fertility mortality migration Demographic equation FP SP B D I O Crude birth rate fertility number of live births per 1000 people per year fluctuates over time depending on economic political circumstances CBR B P x 1000 Crude death rate mortality number of deaths per 1000 people per year CDR D P x 1000 Rate of Natural Increase RNI population growth for a country or region per 1000 people not a growth rate excludes migration difference between CBR CDR RNI CBR CDR Doubling time the number of years it takes for a population to double in size Rule of 70 divide 70 by annual rate of growth Ex 70 1 3 54 at current rate 1 3 world population will be double in 2064 Problems it s a static figure isn t accurate if the rate changes Insert notes here Lecture 5 Read articles Stirring Up the Melting Pot Movie from media matrix Demographic Transitional Model Stage 1 Preindustrial society traditional rural preindustrial society economy high fertility rates large families help with farm elderly poor healthcare low life expectancy slow population growth Stage 2 Early industrial society earliest phase of industrialization manufacturing jobs grow in urban areas fertility rates remain high but death rates decline high population growth Stage 3 Late industrial society rapid industrialization urbanization crude birth rates