GEOG 201 Exam 1 Study Guide: Lectures 1 - 7Lecture 1- What is Human Geography? The study of human distributions & activities on the Earth’s surface & the processes that generate these distributions- The spatial perspective: how human activities are organized in space & how they relate to the natural environment … & why?- Five Themes in Human Geography: o Location: the absolute position of something on the Earth’s surface & it’s relative proximity to other related thingso Place: the local human and physical characteristics that uniquely define a place &impart meaning to its inhabitants … ordinary, extraordinary, & sacredo Region: an area characterized by similarity or by cohesiveness that sets it apart from other areaso Movement: the flow of people, goods, money, ideas or materials between locations, near and faro Human-Environment Interaction: the ways in which human society & the naturalenvironment affect each otherLecture 2- Secondary data- information obtained indirectly from another source that was previously collected, processed, & made available to a larger audience- Primary data-information collected directly by the researchers or their equipment without any intermediary. This can include surveys, interviews, observations, or measurements in the field.- Spatial data- information that has a geological or locational component- What to do with spatial data? Maps, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing- Why maps? Maps present large volume of info effectively & efficiently; present or communicate relationships between phenomena that may bot be evident in the raw data- Maps are incomplete (2-D) representations of the world which result in distortions (systematic); simplification, projection (distance-shape), symbols- Symbols are used to represent information – location, magnitude, typology, etc.- Maps are manipulated to represent certain perspectives on the world- they represent a set of ideas- Map projection- systematic distortion of distance & shape to represent spherical surface on flat mapo Spatial Scale 1. Map Scale • Ratio between an actual distance on the ground to the length given to that distance on a map Example: 1:10,000 (one cm to ten thousand)  1:300,000 (one to three hundred thousand cm) (3 km)‐ How many km? Which one is a large scale map?‐o Spatial Scale 1. Map Scale: As real world mapped smaller (county to city), the scale is larger (contains more detail) [large scale map]‐ As real world mapped bigger (county to nation), the scale is smaller (contains less detail) [small scale map]‐ Scale of map depends on the argument (objective) of the map ... what is the point of the map? Small cartographic scale  large area (national patterns or differences among states) Large cartographic scale  small area (urbanization in southwestern US or regional patters)o Spatial Scale 2. Scale of Analysis- Territorial extent of phenomenon: urbanization, poverty, etc.- Spatial scales are interrelated, overlappingSpatial Aggregation• The level of data aggregation influences the spatial patterns we see.• Aggregation is the size of the smallest geographic unit under investigation; the unit of analysis– City ...County ... State – Income per person aggregated to ... city, county, state, or country?– Ethnicity aggregated to ... city, county, state, or country?Map components:– Scale Bar: graphic representation of distance ratio– Legend: Explanatory list of symbols in a map. Usually appears in a box in a lower corner.– Orientation: direction of NorthTypes of Maps-Reference Map: general informational  roads, cities, boundaries-Thematic Maps:– Choropleth: variation within defined boundary (census district, county, country); color/tint changes– Isoline: lines connect points of equal value– Graduate Circle (Proportional Symbol): size  intensity of phenomenon– Dot: dot indicates occurrence of phenomenonLecture 3World Population Trends: 6.7 billion with predicted increase to 9.2 billion by 2050 Increase 2.5 billion over 40 years; absorbed in less developed regions Less developed regions: 5.4 billion to 7.9 by 2050 From 1950 to today, the combined populations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America have soared from 71 percent of the world's total to 83 percent; predicted to be 87% by 205 More-developed regions: stable population at 1.2 billion (with net migration of 2.3m annually) Aging population - More developed regions: pop over 60 will increase (from 245m to 406m) and under 60 will decrease (971m to 839m) Most growth will be experienced in the urban areas of the developing worldLecture 4Two things that have never happened till recently: 7 billion people worldwide & now more people live in urban areas than ruralGlobal distribution: 6.75 billion people unevenly distributed across the globe (90% north of equator; 10% of land area; coastal areas & river valleys) Factors: accessibility to arable land, climate & water; historical settlement patterns (ex. Coastal Brazil); Technological change (ex. railroads, new farming practices)Population density- a numerical measure of the relationship between the number of people & some other unit of interest expressed in a ratio & often graphically represented in map formCrude density map- number people per area unitPhysiological Density Map- number of people per unit of agriculturally productive land (reflective of population demands on food resources)Components of changing population: fertility, mortality & migrationDemographic equation: FP=SP + (B-D) + (I-O)Crude birth rate (fertility): number of live births per 1000 people per year (fluctuates over time, depending on economic & political circumstances)CBR= (B/P) x 1000Crude death rate (mortality): number of deaths per 1000 people per yearCDR= (D/P) x 1000Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): population growth for a country or region per 1000 people (not a growth rate; excludes migration; difference between CBR & CDR)RNI=CBR-CDRDoubling time: the number of years it takes for a population to double in sizeRule of 70: divide 70 by annual rate of growth (Ex:70/1.3=54; at current rate (1.3%) world population will be double in 2064)Problems: it’s a static figure & isn’t accurate if the rate changesInsert notes hereLecture 5Read articles: Stirring Up the Melting PotMovie from media matrixDemographic Transitional ModelStage 1: Preindustrial society- traditional,