Chapter 1 1 Types of data collection a Remote sensing collection of information about parts of the earth s surface by means of aerial photography or other satellite images i Then the data is analyzed b Fieldwork etc c Know what each method requires as far as tools remote sensing requires satellites 2 GIS is a massive geography tool a System that can store and manipulate data i Military and commercial apllications 3 Different types of space a Absolute etc 4 Types of maps a Thematic maps i Maps that have a message to present 1 Disease 2 Population distribution etc 5 Types of diffusion a Spatial diffusion b Hierarchical diffusion i When 1st world gets it first then it spreads to worse places 6 Know projections and unique properties a Mercator i Maintains compass direction between any two points ii Shapes of countries are true size is not iii Looks like a square b Peters projection c Robinson projection i More accurately represents size of countries i Distance area and shape are all distorted in an attempt to balance the properties of this map Designed purely for appearance and is best used for thematic and reference maps ii Ovular in shape d Azimuthal Equidistant Projection i Distances measured from the center of the map are true but direction area and shape are increasingly distorted as the distance from the CenterPoint increases ii Views world from north pole circular in shape e Mollweide Projection i Relative sizes are true but shapes are distorted 7 Map scales a 1 5000 is larger scale than 1 1000000 8 Spatial interaction a Shorthand for all kinds of movement and flows involving human activity i Examples 1 Freight shipments commuting trips shopping trips telecommunications etc 9 Space a Absolute mathematical space described through points lines areas planes and configurations b Topological Space measured not only in terms of conventional measurements but by the nature and degree of connectivity between locations c Socioeconomic space can be described in terms of sites and situations routes regions and distribution patterns i Important to geographers for studying inequalities among places and regions d Cultural space the space of people with common ties e Cognitive space defined by people s values feelings beliefs experiences etc a Defined by geographers in terms of relative location the opportunity for contact or interaction a Describes the rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing 10 Accessibility from a given point 11 Distance Decay Function distance 12 Friction of distance 13 Transferability a Explains why people less likely to travel as distance increases a How easy is it to transfer move something i Factor such as cost or distance 14 Time space convergence a The rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs b Time and space converge to create the feeling of a shrinking world a Refers to feeling evoked among people about a place due to experiences memories etc a Site refers to the physical attributes of a location b Situation refers to the location of a place relative to other places and human activities Psychological representations of locations that spring from people s individual ideas and impressions of these locations 1 Can be based on direct or indirect experiences with the location 15 Sense of place 16 Site vs Situation 17 Cognitive image a Mental Maps i i i 18 Distance a Absolute b Relative Physical measure Expressed in terms of 1 Time 2 Effort 3 Cost ii Cognitive distance iii Friction of Distance 1 The distance that people perceive as existing in a given situation 1 Is a reflection of the time and cost of overcoming distance 19 Complementarity a For spatial interaction to occur between two places there must be a demand in one place and a supply that matches or compliments 20 Regionalization a Classifying similar areas as regions b Functianl regions are similar areas with similar sturctue govet resources etc a Is a society with a reciprocal economy i Reciprocal 1 Each individual specializes in specific tasks pottery crops animals etc a Geographic settings where new practices have developed and from which they are spread Chapter 2 1 European age of exploration a Resources land and power 2 Minisystem 3 Hearths i 4 main ag hearths 1 Fertile Crescent 2 South Asia 3 China 4 Americas 4 Ag revolution a Why did it happen 5 Social economy of world power a Characteristics of 6 Law of diminishing return 7 Globalization a Happens faster than it used too 8 Environmental determinism a the tendency for productivity to decline after a certain point with the continued addition of capital and or labor to a given resource base a Culture is a direct result of the environment in which that culture submerged 9 South Korea Taiwan Brazil India Mexico a All semi periphery b Know examples of each core semi perph and perph 10 Neocolonialism a Control by modern means like covert intel operations international financial regulations and dependence upon needs of other countries It like they are a colony but not officially b c Powerful countries indirectly maintain or extend their influence over the other races d informal colonialism 11 Look at framework for globalization and the things necessary for it 12 Hinterland a Is the area from which a city collects products to be exported and through which it distributes imports b Sphere of influence comes from hinterland 13 Core countries a 1st cores were Holland and England joined by France By the end of the 19h century Us joins as well as Japan and today includes Scandinavia and most of western Europe a Brazil India Mexico south Korea and Taiwan China Australia Chile Argentina 14 Semi perph 15 Perph a When a place has special characteristic that allows it to do thing other countries can t a Primitive trade and obsolete technologies 16 Comparative Advantage i Can t grow bananas in England 17 Ethnocentrism a Attitude that one s own race and culture is superior 18 Environmental determinism a A doctrine holding that human activities are shaped and constrained by the environment 19 Commodity chains a Networks of labor and production process that originate in the extraction of or production of raw materials and ends with the delivery of final product i I phones 1 All kinds of materials from around world assembled overseas then distributed here a Interdependence of the economy the environment and social well being 20 Sustainability Chapter 3 1 Where does most of the world s population