PSYC 101 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 21Lecture 1 (January 16)What are 3 steps of psychological reasoning? Skepticism - doubting and questioning Curiosity - passion for exploration Humility - ability to accept humility when wrong What are 3 research processes?1. Theories- System of ideas intended to explain a collection of facts 2. Hypothesis - A scientific prediction to test the proposed phenomenon 3. Research and observation - Using experimental methods to gather information and approach a conclusion for the studyWhat are some examples of research studies? Case study - is a form of qualitative descriptive research that is used to observe individualsSurvey - form of qualitative or quantitative research that reaches conclusions of a sample population using questionnaires Experimental methods - study of the changes in one variable lead to changes in another variable - When trait or behavior associate with each other Naturalistic observation - study of organisms in their natural environmentCorrelational method - when one trait or behavior accompanies the other, we say that the two correlate- Correlation coefficient is the measures of relationships between two variables = r- - 1 to +1 shows the strength of a relationship - +1 being strong positive correlation - -1 being strong negative correlation- +/- show positive or negative relationshipSteps needed for an experimental design: Independent variable - the variable that is being manipulatedDependent variable - variable the experimenter wants to measure in the experiment Control group - a group that is not exposed to the variables of the experiment and is sometimes given a placebo Constant - variables that do not change in the experiment Hypothesis - a scientific prediction to test the proposed phenomenonConclusion - the final analysis of the experiment and discovery of the study Lecture 2 (January 21) Important brain structures: Brain stem - is the physiological structure that functions in regulating temperature and movement Hypothalamus - functions in motivation, behavior, and regulates eating Thalamus - relays sensory messages and receives all sensory messagesPons - helps coordinate movement, sleep, connects medulla to two sides of the cerebellum Medulla - controls breathing, heart rate, and vital tasks Cerebellum - helps coordinate movement and balance Reticular formation - controls arousal and alertnessBrainstem - is the oldest part of the brain, connects skull and spinal cordLimbic system - involved in emotion and memory - 3 main components of limbic system o Hypothalamus - neurons that regulate hunger, thirst, and body temperature. Contains pleasure centers for reinforcement and punishmento Amygdala - influences aggression and fearo Hippocampus - involved in memory, especially factual knowledge and events Cerebral cortex - is the newest part of the human brain. Gives humans the distinctive quality of thinking criticallyCorpus callosum - connects two hemispheres of the brain with the help of 200 million neurons Cerebral hemispheres consist of:Frontal - Rear area of the frontal lobe that is responsible for controlling muscles in the arms and handsParietal - Relays sensory information Occipital - Visual cortex of the occipital lobe is the area of the brain that is responsible for perceiving lightTemporal - Auditory cortex of temporal lobe is responsible for perceiving all sorts of soundRight hemisphere - responsible for musical cords and spatial skills Left hemisphere - responsible for language and musical rhythmBrain cells:Neuron - also known as nerve cell Dendrites - extensions of the soma (cell body) that receives messages from other neurons Axon - passes messages from the cell body to other neurons Myelin sheath- covers axon of neurons and speeds neural impulses- are fats located along the axon - is composed of glial cells- consists of gaps that are known as the Nodes of Ranviero Nodes of Ranvier - is the location where neurotransmitters slow down, before shooting down the myelin sheath Neural impulse - is also known as the action potential Cell body - (soma) central life of the neuron Terminal branches - are the parts of the neuron that send out messages, usually located at the ends of the axons Synapse - junction between one neuron’s axon and other dendrite or cell body. However, synapses are not an empty space Vesicles - are sacs that carry neurotransmitters across the synapse Neurotransmitters - are chemicals released from sending neurons that travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on receiving neurons Lecture 3 (January 30)Two types of consciousness:Physiologically induced - are examples of hallucinations, orgasm, and food or oxygen starvation Psychologically induced - are examples of sensory deprivation, hypnosis, and meditation Examples of the ‘The Two Track Mind’:Serial conscious processing - solves problems with focused attention Unconscious parallel process - taking care of routine business such as being on “pilot”Selective attention - our conscious awareness of processes that we pick out, we intuitively make use of the information we are consciously aware of Selective inattention - things an individual does/may not want to pay attention to Inattentional blindness - refers to the inability to see an object or person in our midst Change blindness - failure to notice changes in the environment Steps of sleep:Stage 1 - Alpha wave sleep - Awake, but brain activity is slow, an example is a person meditating Stage 2 - Theta wave sleep - Brain enters high amplitude, slow, and sometimes irregular wave formsStage 3 - Delta wave sleep- Brain activity is at its lowestStage 4 - High amplitude and decreased frequency of delta wave sleep Stage 5 - Beta wave sleep - REM sleep starts at stage 5 and cycles back to stage 1, starting the process againCircadian Rhythm is located in the hypothalamus, which is regulated by sunlight exposure - the circadian rhythm is affected by social, eating, exercise, and sunlightLecture 4 (February 4)Common types of “bad” dreams:Lucid Dreams - a feeling of being aware of all your senses, while dreaming. A sense of feeling trappedPTSD - Post traumatic stress disorder - the body forces these stress dreams as a way to heal itself Advantages vs. disadvantages of dreams:Advantages of Hypnosis - Can alleviate pain and discomfort - Can be helpful for treatment of obesity- Can improve athletic motivation and concentration Disadvantages of Hypnosis -