PSYC 101 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture:- Syllabus and Intro to PsychologyOutline of Current Lecture:3 Steps of Psychological Reasoning Skepticism - doubting and questioning Curiosity - passion for exploration Humility - ability to accept humility when wrong Psychology The study of scientific behavior and mental process Scientific - being able to answer questions objectively with proper data and calculations Behavior - observable actionsMental Process - thoughts, feelings, perceptions, motivations etc.Scientific Method - A systematic approach to gathering data and testing the hypothesis in search of replicable resultsResearch Process1. Theories- System of ideas intended to explain a collection of facts 2. Hypothesis - A scientific prediction to test the proposed phenomenon 3. Research and observation - Using experimental methods to gather information and approach a conclusion for the studyResearch Case study - is a form of qualitative descriptive research that is used to observe individualsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Survey - form of qualitative or quantitative research that reaches conclusions of a sample population using questionnaires Experimental methods - study of the changes in one variable lead to changes in another variable - When trait or behavior associate with each other Naturalistic observation - study of organisms in their natural environmentCorrelational method - when one trait or behavior accompanies the other, we say that the two correlate- Correlation coefficient is the measures of relationships between two variables = r- - 1 to +1 shows the strength of a relationship - +1 being strong positive correlation - -1 being strong negative correlation- +/- show positive or negative relationshipScatter pot - The slope depicts direction, while the scatter determines the strength of the relationship o Positive correlation - as one variable increase the other variable increase o Negative correlation - as one variable increase the other variable decrease o No correlation - there is no relationship between the variables o Correlation doesn’t mean causation Illusory Correlation - Is the perception of thinking there is a relationship when there is actually no relationship that exists.Critical Thinking - Is the idea and process of not accepting arguments blindly. It assumes assumptions, discerns, hidden values, evaluate evidence, and accesses conclusions - James Randi is a magician that runs a foundation to debunk magicians that believe they are truly supernaturalEmpirical Reasoning- Is the idea of using our intuition to make decisionsHindsight Bias - After learning an outcome of an event, many believe that they could have predicted that very outcome. “I knew it all” belief.Psychologists- B.F. Skinner studied how people respond to reinforcements and concluded that people workharder for reward- Sigmund Freud studied how emotions can be repressed unconsciously- Stanley Schacter concluded that the need to affiliate when responding to fear is higher than when not exposed to fearExperimental Design Independent variable - the variable that is being manipulated Dependent variable - variable the experimenter wants to measure in the experiment Control group - a group that is not exposed to the variables of the experiment and is sometimes given a placebo Constant - variables that do not change in the experiment Hypothesis - a scientific prediction to test the proposed phenomenonConclusion - the final analysis of the experiment and discovery of the study Operationally Defined- The phenomenon the researcher wants to study and data he or she is measuring or manipulatingCurrent Lecture:- Nervous