PSYC 101 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture - Intro to Psychology Outline of Current Lecture Nervous System conc. Brain - The nervous system consists of the Peripheral and Central Nervous systems o Peripheral Nervous System consists of the spinal cord and cranium o Central Nervous System consists of the brain and spinal cord - Somatic Nervous System connects the Central Nervous System to voluntary muscles - Autonomic - Connects Central Nervous System to non-voluntary muscles and glands - Sympathetic Nervous System influences arousal - Parasympathetic Nervous System influence relaxation and sense of calmness Neurons are discrete cells that communicate through chemicals A symbiotic relationship occurs when one variable increases the other variable decreases, in order to maintain equilibrium in the human bodyBiological Psychology is the study and research of integrating biology and psychology of the human brain Brain Structure Brain stem - is the physiological structure that functions in regulating temperature and movement Hypothalamus - functions in motivation, behavior, and regulates eating Thalamus - relays sensory messages and receives all sensory messagesPons - helps coordinate movement, sleep, connects medulla to two sides of the cerebellum Medulla - controls breathing, heart rate, and vital tasks Cerebellum - helps coordinate movement and balance Reticular formation - controls arousal and alertnessAngular gryus - is involved in a number of processes related to reading coverts writing to auditory codeBrainstem - is the oldest part of the brain, connects skull and spinal cordThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Midbrain - separates hindbrain and forebrain Limbic system - involved in emotion and memory - 3 main components of limbic system o Hypothalamus - neurons that regulate hunger, thirst, and body temperature. Contains pleasure centers for reinforcement and punishmento Amygdala - influences aggression and fearo Hippocampus - involved in memory, especially factual knowledge and events Cerebral cortex - is the newest part of the human brain. Gives humans the distinctive quality of thinking criticallyCorpus callosum - connects two hemispheres of the brain with the help of 200 million neurons Cerebral Hemispheres Frontal - Rear area of the frontal lobe that is responsible for controlling muscles in the arms and hands- Area of the frontal lobe, which is responsible for controlling facial muscles- Broca’s area of the brain is responsible generating spoken and written language- Involved with plans and judgmentParietal - Relays sensory information - Motor cortex area of the parietal lobe of the brain is responsible for moving the muscles in the back and torso.- Sensory cortex of the parietal lobe area of the brain is responsible for tactile perception on the chest and torso.- Consists of an area of the brain, which is responsible for tactile perception on the arm, hand, andface.Occipital - Relays visual information from eye - Visual cortex of the occipital lobe is the area of the brain that is responsible for perceiving lightTemporal - Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe is responsible for the comprehension of spoken and written language- Auditory cortex of temporal lobe is responsible for perceiving all sorts of sound- Relay auditory information from the ears Right hemisphere - responsible for musical cords and spatial skillsLeft hemisphere - responsible for language and musical rhythmAspects of Brain DamageDamage to the language cortex causes aphasia Damage to Broca’s area (in left frontal lobe) disrupts speaking Damage to Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe) disrupts language comprehension Damage to angular gyrus (junction of left temporal lobe and parietal lobe) disrupts the ability to read loudly Damage to occipital lobe disrupts visionDamage to the cerebellum disrupts balance and movementBrain VocabularyUpside down representation - touch on the nose goes to the bottom part of your sensory cortex, whereas touch on your toes goes to the top of your sensory cortex Proportional representation - where there is more sensitivity there will be more sensory neurons locatedin that regionAssociation areas - are areas that interact with sensory and motor information Contralateral pathways - are nerve fibers from right side of the body that cross over to the sensory cortexand vies versa Complex communication - are when neural networks are influenced by other neurons in the brain Functional specialization - ability of the nervous system to be controlled by specific clusters of neuronsfMRI - allows researcher to see the level of oxygen consumed and which parts of the brain are stimulatedwhen testing an individual Awake craniotomy - is the removal of the skull to view a portion of the brain, then neurosurgeons stimulate different parts of the brain to see how the stimulus affects the individual Neuron - also known as nerve cell Dendrites - extensions of the soma (cell body) that receives messages from other neurons Axon - passes messages from the cell body to other neurons - Axon hillock is the starting region of the axon leaving the soma Myelin sheath- covers axon of neurons and speeds neural impulses- are fats located along the axon - is composed of glial cells- consists of gaps that are known as the Nodes of Ranviero Nodes of Ranvier - is the location where neurotransmitters slow down, before shooting down the myelin sheath - Neurons are also composed of unmyelinated sheaths, where no fats are located along the axon Neural impulse - is also known as the action potential Cell body - (soma) central life of the neuron Terminal branches - are the parts of the neuron that send out messages, usually located at the ends of the axons Synapse - junction between one neuron’s axon and other dendrite or cell body. However, synapses are not an empty space - Presynaptic neuron - neuron sending the message - Postsynaptic neuron - neuron accepting the message - Neurotransmitters cross synapsis - Play a vital role in communication Threshold of Excitation - is when an axon begins to fire electrical charges, the charge for a excited axon is -65 mVResting potential - is an axon at rest, the charge for a resting axon is -70 mV Vesicles - are sacs that carry neurotransmitters across the synapse Neurotransmitters - are chemicals released from sending neurons