IntroductionSlide 2QuestionOxidation and ReductionSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Reactions Involving WaterNobel prize in chemistry-2008Slide 28Nobel prize in physiology or medicine-2009Nobel prize in chemistry-2009Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Reactions With WaterSlide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Free Energy and Reaction RatesSlide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52The End11IntroductionIntroductionChemical reactions involve the rearrangement of the atoms Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of the atoms within and between molecules that results in the formation of within and between molecules that results in the formation of new molecules.new molecules.•This process involves the making and breaking of covalent This process involves the making and breaking of covalent bonds.bonds.•An important concept in these processes is that An important concept in these processes is that all of the all of the atoms present before a reaction are also present after the atoms present before a reaction are also present after the reactionreaction•This a concept allows us to describe chemical reactions using This a concept allows us to describe chemical reactions using chemical chemical equationsequations2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (g)22IntroductionIntroductionIf you need to review how to create and balance chemical If you need to review how to create and balance chemical equation, take a look at Section 6.1 in Raymond.equation, take a look at Section 6.1 in Raymond.We will focus on some reactions that are important in We will focus on some reactions that are important in biological chemistry, including:biological chemistry, including:•Oxidation/Reduction reactionsOxidation/Reduction reactions•Reactions involving waterReactions involving waterWe will also look at the different forms of free energy that can We will also look at the different forms of free energy that can be used to predict the directions and rates of chemical be used to predict the directions and rates of chemical reactions.reactions.33QuestionQuestionWhen you are driving along in your automobile, octane in the When you are driving along in your automobile, octane in the gasoline is reacting with oxygen from the air to produce gasoline is reacting with oxygen from the air to produce carbon dioxide and water. Write a balanced chemical carbon dioxide and water. Write a balanced chemical equation that can be used to describe this reactionequation that can be used to describe this reaction2C2C88HH1818 +25 O +25 O22 --> 16 CO --> 16 CO22 + 18 H + 18 H22OO44Oxidation and ReductionOxidation and ReductionIn Unit 1 we discussed some of the strategies that atoms use In Unit 1 we discussed some of the strategies that atoms use to obtain 8 valence electrons.to obtain 8 valence electrons.See Unit ISee Unit IElaboration - The Octet RuleElaboration - The Octet RuleSee Unit 1See Unit 1Elaboration - CompoundsElaboration - Compounds55Oxidation and ReductionOxidation and ReductionWhen metal atoms combine with non-metal atoms, they When metal atoms combine with non-metal atoms, they transfer electrons from the metal to the non-metal to form transfer electrons from the metal to the non-metal to form ionic compounds:ionic compounds:•Sodium, Na (Sodium, Na (ss), is a soft grey metal.), is a soft grey metal.•Chlorine, ClChlorine, Cl22 ( (gg), is toxic green gas.), is toxic green gas.•Sodium chloride, NaCl (Sodium chloride, NaCl (ss), is a crystalline white solid ), is a crystalline white solid comprising sodium ions, Nacomprising sodium ions, Na++, and chloride ions, Cl, and chloride ions, Cl––..2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g) 2 NaCl (s)66Oxidation and ReductionOxidation and ReductionReactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one atom Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another are called to another are called oxidation/reduction reactionsoxidation/reduction reactions..•The atom losing the electrons is The atom losing the electrons is oxidizedoxidized..•In the previous example, the sodium is oxidized:In the previous example, the sodium is oxidized:•The atom gaining the electrons is The atom gaining the electrons is reducedreduced..•In the previous example, the chlorine is reduced:In the previous example, the chlorine is reduced:•While the two processes can be separated, one cannot While the two processes can be separated, one cannot occur without the other.occur without the other.2 Na 2 Na++2 e –2 Cl–+2 e –Cl277Oxidation and ReductionOxidation and ReductionReactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one atom Reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another are called oxidation/reduction reactions.to another are called oxidation/reduction reactions.•The reactant that takes away the electrons is the The reactant that takes away the electrons is the oxidizing oxidizing agentagent..•In the previous example, the chlorine is the oxidizing agent.In the previous example, the chlorine is the oxidizing agent.‣The chlorine took the electrons away from the sodium.The chlorine took the electrons away from the sodium.•The reactant that donates the electrons is the The reactant that donates the electrons is the reducing reducing agentagent..•In the previous example, the sodium is the reducing agent.In the previous example, the sodium is the reducing agent.‣The sodium gave the electrons to the chlorine.The sodium gave the electrons to the chlorine.88Oxidation and ReductionOxidation and ReductionIn oxidation and reduction, metals can also transfer electrons In oxidation and reduction, metals can also transfer electrons between themselves:between themselves:•Copper, Cu (Copper, Cu (ss), is a reddish metal.), is a reddish metal.•Silver(I) nitrate, AgNO3 Silver(I) nitrate, AgNO3 ((aqaq)), a colorless aqueous solution , a colorless aqueous solution containing silver(I) ions, Agcontaining silver(I) ions, Ag++ ions and nitrate ions, NO ions and nitrate ions, NO3-3-..•copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NOcopper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO33))22 ( (aqaq), a green aqueous solution ), a green aqueous solution containing copper(II) ions, Cucontaining copper(II) ions, Cu2+2+, ions and nitrate ions, NO, ions and nitrate ions, NO3-3-..•Silver, Ag (Silver, Ag (ss), a silvery metal), a silvery metalCu