Chem 150 Unit 9 - Biological Molecules II CarbohydratesIntroductionSlide 3MonosaccharidesSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15QuestionCarbo Reactions in Foods!!Slide 18Reactions of MonosaccharidesReduction of Aldehydes and Ketones (Unit 8)Slide 21Slide 22Oxidation of Aldehydes (Unit 8)Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Reactions of Alcohols with Aldehydes and Ketones (Unit 7)Slide 28Slide 29Cyclic Form of MonosaccharidesSlide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Question (Clicker)Slide 37OligosaccharidesSlide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45PolysaccharidesSlide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52The EndChem 150Chem 150Unit 9 - Unit 9 - BiologicalBiological Molecules II Molecules IICarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates play many important roles in biological Carbohydrates play many important roles in biological systems. They represent the major form of chemical systems. They represent the major form of chemical energy for both plants and animals. In plants they energy for both plants and animals. In plants they represent the end product of photosynthesis, and represent the end product of photosynthesis, and therefore connect all living systems to the sun’s therefore connect all living systems to the sun’s sustaining light energy. Our discussion of carbohydrates sustaining light energy. Our discussion of carbohydrates will also introduce us to biopolymers, of which proteins will also introduce us to biopolymers, of which proteins and nucleic acids also belong. One of these polymers, and nucleic acids also belong. One of these polymers, the structural polysaccharide cellulose, ties more of the the structural polysaccharide cellulose, ties more of the earth’s organic carbon than any other molecule.earth’s organic carbon than any other molecule.22IntroductionIntroductionPolymersPolymers are large molecules that are made by stringing are large molecules that are made by stringing together, like beads on a string, smaller units called together, like beads on a string, smaller units called monomersmonomers..•Poly- is the Greek prefix meaning “Poly- is the Greek prefix meaning “many”.many”.The names of may polymers describe what they are made fromThe names of may polymers describe what they are made from•Polyethylene is made by stringing together many ethylene Polyethylene is made by stringing together many ethylene units.units.•Ethylene (ethene) is the monomerEthylene (ethene) is the monomer•Polypropylene is made by stringing together many propylene Polypropylene is made by stringing together many propylene units.units.•Propylene (propene) is the monomer.Propylene (propene) is the monomer.•Polysaccharides are made by stringing together many Polysaccharides are made by stringing together many monosaccharides.monosaccharides.•Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are the monomersMonosaccharides (simple sugars) are the monomers..33IntroductionIntroductionCarbohydrates are placed in to one of three catagories, Carbohydrates are placed in to one of three catagories, depending on the number of monosaccharide units, or depending on the number of monosaccharide units, or residuesresidues, they contain., they contain.•MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides, contain a single monosaccharide , contain a single monosaccharide residue.residue.•OligosaccharidesOligosaccharides, contain 2 to 10 monosaccharide , contain 2 to 10 monosaccharide residues.residues.•These include the disaccharides, which contain 2 monosaccharide These include the disaccharides, which contain 2 monosaccharide residues.residues.• PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides, which contain more than 10 , which contain more than 10 monosaccharide residues.monosaccharide residues.•These can contain thousands of monosaccharide residues.These can contain thousands of monosaccharide residues.44MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides•Monosaccharides are Monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydespolyhydroxy aldehydes or or ketonesketones..•Monosaccharides contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms.Monosaccharides contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms.55MonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesMonosaccharides are Monosaccharides are classified according to classified according to the number of carbons the number of carbons and whether they and whether they contain an aldehyde or contain an aldehyde or ketone.ketone.•The “The “-ose-ose” ending is ” ending is used to designate used to designate carbohydrates.carbohydrates.66MonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesThe physical properties of The physical properties of monosaccharides are heavily monosaccharides are heavily influenced by the large number of influenced by the large number of hydroxy groups that they contain. hydroxy groups that they contain. •There ability to participate in There ability to participate in numerous hydrogen bonds gives numerous hydrogen bonds gives them high melting points and them high melting points and high solubilities in water.high solubilities in water.•Each hydroxyl group has two Each hydroxyl group has two hydrogen bonding acceptor sites hydrogen bonding acceptor sites and one hydogen bonding donor and one hydogen bonding donor site.site.•Each carbonyl group has two Each carbonyl group has two acceptor sites.acceptor sites.CCO HOHHHOHH OHHOHHOHHOH77MonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesMonosaccharides contain Monosaccharides contain chiral carbonchiral carbon atoms. atoms.•This is what accounts for the large number of different This is what accounts for the large number of different monosacchides.monosacchides.•For each chiral carbon, For each chiral carbon, nn, a monosacharide has 2, a monosacharide has 2nn stereoisomers.stereoisomers.•These will be divided among 2These will be divided among 2nn/2 pairs of /2 pairs of enantiomersenantiomers..•Glucose contains 4 chiral carbonsGlucose contains 4 chiral carbons•Glucose has 2Glucose has 244 = 16 stereoisomers = 16 stereoisomers•These stereoisomers can be These stereoisomers can be grouped into 16/2 = 8 pairs of grouped into 16/2 = 8 pairs of enantiomers.enantiomers.•Glucose contains 4 chiral carbonsGlucose contains 4 chiral carbons•Glucose has 2Glucose has 244 = 16 stereoisomers = 16 stereoisomers•These stereoisomers can be These stereoisomers can be grouped into 16/2 = 8 pairs of grouped into 16/2 = 8 pairs of enantiomers.enantiomers.OCHCCCCCHHHOHHH