Chem 150 Unit 2 - Hydrocarbons & Functional GroupsOrganic ChemistrySlide 3HydrocarbonsSlide 5AlkanesSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Molecule in the NewsMolecule in the News:MelamineOrganic Molecules in the News!!Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Constitutional IsomersConformationsSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23CycloalkanesSlide 25Slide 26Slide 27QuestionsAlkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic CompoundsSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Practice Quiz 1 KEYSlide 39Slide 40Slide 41Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids & EstersSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59The EndChem 150Chem 150Unit 2 - Hydrocarbons & Unit 2 - Hydrocarbons & Functional GroupsFunctional GroupsOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon. The name “organic” reflect the fact that organic The name “organic” reflect the fact that organic molecules are derived from living organisms. In molecules are derived from living organisms. In this unit will start by looking at four families of this unit will start by looking at four families of organic molecules that are grouped together as organic molecules that are grouped together as the hydrocarbons. We will also look at some the hydrocarbons. We will also look at some functional groups that define some of the other functional groups that define some of the other families of organic molecules.families of organic molecules.22Organic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon.Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon.•There are three forms of pure carbonThere are three forms of pure carbon•DiamondDiamond•GraphiteGraphite33Organic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon.Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon.•There are three forms of pure carbonThere are three forms of pure carbon•BuckminsterfullereneBuckminsterfullerene“Bucky Balls”“Bucky Balls”44HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons•Organic molecules contain carbon combined with other Organic molecules contain carbon combined with other elements.elements.•Organic molecules are grouped into familiesOrganic molecules are grouped into families•Members of a family share common structural, physical, and chemical Members of a family share common structural, physical, and chemical characteristics.characteristics.•There are four families that contain molecules made of only There are four families that contain molecules made of only carbon and hydrogen.carbon and hydrogen.•HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons•AlkanesAlkanes•AlkenesAlkenes•AlkynesAlkynes•AromaticsAromatics55HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons66AlkanesAlkanesAlkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds.single bonds.•Every carbon atom participates in 4 single bonds, either to Every carbon atom participates in 4 single bonds, either to another carbon or to a hydrogen.another carbon or to a hydrogen.•Every hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon by a single Every hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon by a single bond.bond.77AlkanesAlkanesAlkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds.single bonds.88AlkanesAlkanes•Alkanes in which the carbons are connected in a straight Alkanes in which the carbons are connected in a straight chain are called chain are called normal alkanesnormal alkanes..•Alkanes that are branched are called Alkanes that are branched are called branched chain branched chain alkanesalkanes..C C C C C CHHHH H H H HHHHHHHC C C C C HHHHCH H HHHHHHHHn-hexanen-hexanen-hexanen-hexane2-methyl-pentane2-methyl-pentane2-methyl-pentane2-methyl-pentaneAlkanesAlkanesFor a discusion on the structure of alkanes,For a discusion on the structure of alkanes,see the Unit 2see the Unit 2Elaboration - Alkane StructureElaboration - Alkane Structure1010AlkanesAlkanes•Alkanes, along with the other hydrocarbons, are non-polar.Alkanes, along with the other hydrocarbons, are non-polar.•They interact with each other only through London They interact with each other only through London dispersion forces.dispersion forces.•This is why they have relatively low boiling and melting This is why they have relatively low boiling and melting points.points.1111They interact with each other only through London dispersion They interact with each other only through London dispersion forces.forces.•Note how the boiling points increase with molecular weight.Note how the boiling points increase with molecular weight.AlkanesAlkanes1212Molecule in the NewsMolecule in the News1313Molecule in the News:MelamineMolecule in the News:Melamine1414http://www.http://www.cbccbc.ca/health/story/2007/09/06/additives-lancet.html?ref=rss.ca/health/story/2007/09/06/additives-lancet.html?ref=rsshttp://www.http://www.medpagetodaymedpagetoday.com/Psychiatry/ADHD-ADD/tb/6610.com/Psychiatry/ADHD-ADD/tb/6610Organic Molecules in the News!!Organic Molecules in the News!!CarmoisineCarmoisineQuinoline yellowQuinoline yellowSodium benzoateSodium benzoate1515Alkanes, cannot be named based on their molecular formulasAlkanes, cannot be named based on their molecular formulas•For example, all of the molecules shown below share the For example, all of the molecules shown below share the same molecular formula, Csame molecular formula, C66HH1414((hexacarbon tetradecahydridehexacarbon tetradecahydride?)?)AlkanesAlkanesC C C C C CHHHH H H H HHHHHHHC C C C C HHHHCH H HHHHHHHHn-hexanen-hexanen-hexanen-hexane2-methyl-pentane2-methyl-pentane2-methyl-pentane2-methyl-pentaneC C C C C HHHHCH HHHHHHHHHC C C CHHHCH HHHCHHHHHHHC C C CHHHCHHHCHHHHHHHH3-methyl-pentane3-methyl-pentane3-methyl-pentane3-methyl-pentane2,2-dimethylbutane2,2-dimethylbutane2,2-dimethylbutane2,2-dimethylbutane2,3-dimethylbutane2,3-dimethylbutane2,3-dimethylbutane2,3-dimethylbutane1616Organic chemists use a systematic set of rules, called the Organic chemists use a systematic set of rules, called the IUPAC rules, to name organic molecules based on their IUPAC rules, to name organic molecules based on their structural formulas instead of their chemical formulas.structural formulas instead of their chemical formulas.AlkanesAlkanesC C C C C CHHHH H H H HHHHHHHC C C C C HHHHCH H