CRJU Exam 2 Guide Chapter 5 Orlando W Wilson August Vollmer s student became the superintendent of the Chicago Police Force Made them more efficient by creating a workload formula that assigned officers based on the amount of reported crime and calls for service Also accelerated the shift from foot patrol to automobile patrol Edgar J Hoover championed professionalism in the FBI built them into the premier law enforcement agencies in the world He was a progressive reformer and repressive tyrant he authorized abuses to citizens constitutional rights Ignored white collar crime Problem oriented policing style of policing that attempts to address underlying social problems that contribute to crime The federal gov t gave a lot of money to promote community policing reforms 2 flavors of community policing 1 Democratic oriented community policing police work in partnership with the community on a host of problems 2 Aggressive paramilitary zero tolerance crime fighting approach employing tactical street crime units and the latest technology weaponry and information systems Problems with zero tolerance there have been police abuse cases in NY the department and the zero tolerance paradigm were subjected to widespread criticism and public protest Differences between the police and the military 1 Authority the right and the power to commit an act or order others to commit an act 2 Discretion In the military the allowance for discretion is highest at the top Individual soldiers make few decisions In law enforcement most discretion is in the hands of the individual police officer 3 Visibility The public observes police work on a daily basis Officers must interact with citizens The military is not as exposed to public scrutiny the press is given very limited access and anonymity protects the soldiers from having their actions judged 4 Authority Military commanders have more authority over soldiers than police do Many police departments are under collective bargaining agreements that specify the terms if employment and disciplinary procedures Robert Regoli and John Hewitt suggest that the bureaucratic model inhibits police organizations in several ways it 1 restricts personal growth and development 2 fosters a groupthink mentality 3 underestimates the power of informal organization 4 does not provide adequate due process 4 discourages communication Federal law enforcement have nationwide jurisdiction but concentrate on specific offenses FBI began in 1908 when Theodore Roosevelt sent 8 secret service agents to the dept of justice to investigate violations of federal law They assist state and local agencies with expert help in training criminalistics measuring crime and consultation on difficult cases The Secret Service was moved from the Treasury Dept and placed under the Dept of Homeland Security Created in 1865 to control the proliferation of counterfeit money After the death of Pres William McKinley in 1901 the secret service began full time executive protection Former presidents and their spouses received lifetime protection in 1965 State level agencies do not have the numbers of officers that local agencies have nor the visibility of federal agencies State police were developed to keep the peace in rural areas that lay outside the jurisdictions of cities and towns There are 2 broad models of state law enforcement The centralized model combines investigative and highway patrol functions into one agency The decentralized model separates these two functions The state level provide a number of services to local law enforcement agencies such as the coordination of multijurisdictional task forces crime laboratory services and help in investigating offenses Factors that may determine the simplicity or intricacy of a state police system include geography population density financial resources and crime issues A state s industry or culture can also dictate the type of programs it requires Local level handles most of the nation s crime They are the first responders to most criminal offenses they handle most serious street level crime The most labor intensive of duties is patrolling in which officers travel around their assigned beats respond to service calls and look for ways to keep the community safe Local law enforcement also devote resources and personnel to investigative duties including homicide burglary auto theft sex offenses and juveniles Chapter 6 Most police contacts do not require the use of force Manning says police have been assigned the tasks of crime prevention crime detection and apprehension of criminal suspects in an efficient apolitical and professional manner Police must make assumptions about everyday life that give them an occupational perspective to guide their strategies and tactics in enforcing the law 1 People cannot be trusted they re dangerous 2 Experience is better than abstract rules 3 You must make people respect you 4 Everyone hates a cop 5 The legal system is untrustworthy police officers make the best decisions about guilt or innocence 6 People who are not controlled will break laws 7 Police officers must appear respectful and be efficient 8 Police officers can most accurately identify crime and criminals 9 The major jobs of the policemen are to prevent crime and to enforce laws 10 Stronger punishment will deter criminals from repeating their errors The size of the community the racial and ethnic diversity of the population the effects of local economic trends and the history and political structure of the agency exert an influence on policing styles Watchmen style mode of policing that emphasizes the maintenance of order and informal intervention on the part of the police officer rather than strict enforcement of the law o Involves discretion o Works out disputes informally o Preserving the social order is key o Reflection of past police agencies Legalistic Style o Requires little discretion o Concentrates on enforcing the law by writing more tickets encouraging victims to sign complaints o Treats all citizens alike o Riding in a patrol car safe place office o Pendulum effect Service style community o Shares characteristics with the other 2 styles but is most concerned with service to o Employs alternative strategies official warnings or diversion programs o Discretion is used but subject to formal review and evaluation o Reminds of community servicing newer policing model They do social meetings school programs safety lessons o Because of advances in technology