I. policingA. several different types of police systems all over the world1. unique to us and the our historyB. policing is a verb1. law enforcement a. someone breaks the law, as a result the police get involved b. the police and law enforcement are different things 2. social order control (other things police do that are not law enforcement)a. direct trafficb. accident reportsc. call in ambulancesd. keep the peaceC. different types of police1. passive policinga. respond/reacting to crime that has happened alreadyb. find the perpetrator 2. active policing a. catching the criminal in the actb. luring the criminal in; creating context where crime might occur; c. ex: bait car, sting operation (tempts the would-be criminal to break the law), police patrols (waiting for crime to happen- responding to general possibility that crime could happen), NSA3. passive – investigations – Patrols – bait cars – string operations – NSA – active D. different types of policing1. informal policinga. done by the people; something that causes us to behave the rules b. religion (gets people to follow the rules), family, role models, friends, peer group norms (usually overlaps with society norms)c. does majority of work to get people to behave2. formal policing a. when informal policing doesn’t work, we have to go to formal policingb. ex: building inspectors, health departmentsc. anything that usually involves government and bureaucracy d. have things that make them distinct (ex: uniforms, badges, etc)E. different types of policing1. decentralized policinga. local policing in communityb. America is most decentralized; not one country – 50 countries; 50 different state government – within those there are different rules and different forms of policingc. ex: Delaware –county cops (new castle), city police (Newark, Dover, Wilmington), school police (UD cops), capital police (work in state government), park police, state troopers (state police)- all separate - similar in all states d. ex: France – cops for cities and cops for outside of cities e. advantages: less corruption (all separate – corruption in one but not another),can be specialized in their own units, less bureaucracy, does not have watchmenproblem, can only get so high in powerful situations (too many levels to get through- less likely to become a dictatorship)f. disadvantages: more corruption (small – can be controlled), they don’t communicate well because of separations, cannot do large scale investigations 2. centralized policing a. bigger, broader, universal (Interpol)b. most other countries have centralized policing c. advantages: allows more communication, d. disadvantages: watchmen problems (whose watching those who are watching you)F. other functions of police (rare) – regime protection1. largely dropped out of how we think of policing nowa. protects the government 2. ancient Romea. early on – did not have a formal police forceb. how they maintained social order without a police force:- Gladiators (private security for the wealthy) - criminals (effectively controlled parts of the town; responsible for that part of town; like a gang would control a certain neighborhood; we are the only criminals allowed in this neighborhood; collect taxes from the neighborhoodc. Augustos - first emperor of Rome- ended the democracy in Rome - created urban prefect to get control of the city . people appointed by emperor to maintain peace in Rome- other law enforcement: praetorian guards. elite roman troops; only troops allowed within the capital. their job was entirely regime protection; a guard against enemies of the emperor himself; paid directly by emperor 3. Englanda. instead of formal police force they had a frankpledge system- group of about ten families- if there was a problem in that small community, they would react together to find the criminal- the families policed each other; no crime = no policing - largely the system that England used for centuries – started to change in the 18th centuryb. 18th century- the industrial revolution- ex: textile mills to make fabric, several factories popped up- when they built factories – put them where the people were – in London – people from countryside come into city to work (urbanization-people move to cities) – lots of different kinds of people – people don’t know each other – will fight and steal from each other (ethnic conflict) –crime shoots up - Gin . creation of gin as alcohol – cheap high and easily available- government of England had to find ways to deal with the crime spike- Bow street runners. thief takers; essentially criminals who would recover stolen objects or catch criminals . hired by court; . passive policing. realized they needed something more radicalc. 1829- Peel act. wanted to find permanent organization that would deal with crime and react to it before it happensd. London metropolitan police act (due to peel act) aspects- quasi military structure. give civilian police force features of the military.ex: ranks (keeps them in place; responsibility to their superiors), sergeants, uniforms (change social standing- makes them very visible; seem more intimidating ) etc. - public patrols.would walk the street to keep an eye on people even when there is no crime. deterrent (or people believed it would have this effect- really doesn’t).if crime happens, the police would be there faster (response time) - civilian oversight.run by civilians; prevents the police from going to harde. London metropolitan police overview- they were hated in the beginning; not your friends; considered the enemy - successful; transferred to united statesG. America1. took aspects from londons police in the major cities2. still had our own unique policing traditions/histories:a. geography- much larger than Europe; impossible to get lost- huge parts are sparsely populated- huge space – harder to control by regular police forceb. America is 51 separate governments: federalism- not one state- federalism: not centralized government c.race- slavery; a lot of American policing was created in response to slavery3. our policing was shaped by those 3 aspects4. how our policing was different from london:a. vigilantes-civilians who take the law into their own hands; non government appointed law enforcement-posse (a law enforcer would call up armed citizens to catch a criminal; informal and passive)b. slave patrol- if a slave escaped they would call together a bunch of