BIOLOGY 110 NOTES CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 Buffers chemical substance that can remove protons from the solution and maintains a more neutral pH measure change in proton concentration low conc high pH high conc low conc Blood has a neutral pH of 7 2 7 4 not a lot of change in protons Ocean acidification due to the burning of fossil fuelcs adds more co2 to atmosphere which can dissolve easily into water Co2 H20 H2CO3 HCO3 H7 lowers pH of sea water higher acidification Neutral pH 7 Molecules of Life 2nd Lab Review Organic Compound carbon based with hydrogen bonds Co2 not an organic compound but c6h12o6 carbon carbon and hydrogen bonds organic compound carbon can combine into a chain Or can change into a 5 or 6 carbon ring O gives greater structure to organic molecules diff functions for ring and chain chemical structure dictates function inside the cell chains can vary in length carbons can also combine with R variety of diff chemical arrangements functional group ex OH oxygen bonded to a Hydrogen COOH H NH2 Carbon can combine in a variety of diff ways and the structures dictate functions 4 Categories Large Biological Molecules all organic molecules carbon with hydrogen bonds all have different uses within the cell Background all have some sort of monomer that is joined together with a larger polymer o monomer polymer o pearl necklace example get joined together in a Dehydration Reaction building of polymers o Example X any carbon molecule OH functional group H X want to join the two so put in a reaction H20 Dehydration bc it removes water molecule Opposite of dehydration reaction Hydrolysis o X X OH H X X Breakdown of polymers Macromolecules 1 Carbohydrates Energy source in the cell Polymer composed of many simple sugars Monomer simple sugar that is linked to other sugars to form a long chain of sugars glucose C6H12O6 Single sugar MONOSACCHARIDE fructose C6H12O6 double bond in the structure that is DIFF from glucose bc theyre formula is the same but structure is diff they are called ISOMERS Can form structure of the organism like plants DISACCHARIDES 2 sugars o Ex Lactose glucose galactose o Maltose 2 glucose o Sacrose glucose fructose POLYSACCHARIDES have 100s of sugars o also called complex carbohydrates o Starch composed of 100s of glucose monomers linked together Potatoes corn wheat rice Glycogen branched structure o Store in our livers and muscle cells Cellulose most abundant organic compound on earth bc made by plants o Glucose based polymer as well but structure is not easily digested by humans so not a big energy source for humans Hydrophilic water liking Mono and disach Are highly hydrophilic dissolve well in water Cellulose doesn t dissolve well in water 2 Lipids FATS are organic Hydrophobic water fearing o mixing oil and water hard to mix dissolve can be an energy source bc fats have large carbon source o ex C OH glycerol incredibly hydrophoic combines with is double bond H C C C C C C fatty acid long chain of carbon can be either saturated or unsaturated combine to form H20 water molecule that is removed links with fatty acid to make the full lipid fat Triglycerides Saturated every carbon has the max number of hydrogens that it could have no double bonds linear structure At room temp they are solid example is butter 0 Unsaturated do not have max number of hydrogens somewhere there IS a carbon double bond puts a kink in the carbon tail At room temp they separate from each other cant stack together as closely are liquids example is oil 0 o Fatty acids long term energy storage maintain body temp stored in adipose extra tissue can increase when a lot of energy has been given to the cell if energy is required then the amount of fat carbons can reduce Fats are required in multicellular organs cushion organs steroids hydrophobic o cholesterol is a primary steroid is hydrophobic stays way from water orients itself away from cytoplasm of a cell and aqueous material outside of cell Primary place you find them are in the cell membrane saturated and unsaturated make up membrane 3 Proteins made of amino acids monomer makes proteins figure 3 16 in the book o amino acids have amine group carboxyl group central carbon and off central carbon have R functional group can vary 20 different amino acids 20 different functional groups structure determines function change in structure of functional group changes function form a large polymer when they link together Diff arrangements of diff amino acids can make diff proteins o we have 10 000 proteins every time you change structure you change function like changing a letter in a word Tasty Nasty diff word diff meaning Diff function of changes protein found in cytoplasm used for structure function and regulation of body s tissues and organs types of proteins o Structura o Storage o Contractile l hair nails horns seeds eggs muscle contractions allows organisms to move move molecules within the body ex hemoglobin moves o Transport oxygen in our blood Increase reaction rates inside the cell o Enzymes all are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes amino acid linked to another a a a a a a a Peptide Bond formed through a dehydration reaction removal of water to pull the 2 molecules together Polypeptide Protein string of AA s linked together 4 different shapes or structures of proteins 1 Primary 1 o chain of amino acids sequence of amino acids 2 Secondary 2 o a or b based off which amino acids you have make different shapes bc they have diff interactions a Alpha helix coil in circles b Beta pleated sheet look like a zig zag WMWMWMWM 3 Tertiary Structure 3 o chain with a coil with a pleated sheet with a coil with another pleated sheet Gets rearranged into a 3d shape Glob 3d structure that a protein has 4 Quaternary Structure 4 o ex Hemoglobin how multiple proteins interact with each other a With coils and pleats in 4 different sets means small proteins that join together to create a larger protein complex Denaturation mis unfolding o Ex eggs when you crack an egg its clear when you crack it over the stove it turns white o Temp and pH are big denaturing factors o Modify the structure of the protein in the egg whites o Will never be clear again o With all proteins when they become denatured they become modified structure changed temp shifts and lose their function o Denature proteins become unfolded modified and function changes o High temps modify proteins like when you have a fever Brain proteins can become denatured 4 Nucleic Acids DNA deoxyribonose