BIO 110 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-9 Lecture 1 (January 13)Name the six themes in the study of life1.New properties emerge at each level2.Organisms interact with their environment3.Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization4.Cells are an organisms basic unit of structure and function5.Continuity of life is based on heritable info in the form of DNA6.Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systemsTheme one: New properties emerge at each level- Define emergent properties- Result from arrangement and interaction of parts within a system- Emergent properties characterize non biological entities- What is reductionism?- The reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to studyTheme two: Organisms interact with their environment- What are the two major processes in the dynamics of an ecosystem?1. Flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers2. Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soilTheme three: Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization- Structure and function of living organisms are closely related- What is an example of theme three?- A leaf is thin and flat, maximizing the capture of light by chloroplastsTheme four: Cells are an organism’s basic unit of structure and function- What is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life?- The cell- What do all cells consist of?1. Enclosed by a membrane2. Use DNA as genetic information- What are the two different types of cells?- Prokaryotic (no nucleus)- Eukaryotic (nucleus)Theme five: Continuity of life is based on heritable info in the form of DNADNA controls the development and maintenance of organismsTheme six: Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systemsWhat are the two types of feedback and how do they differ?1. Negative feedback: as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced2. Positive feedback: as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is producedEvolution- Unity and diversityWhat is evolution?- The process of change that has transformed life on earthWhat are the three domains of life?1. Doman bacteria2. Domain archaea3. Domain eukarya How to inquire about observationsWhat is a hypothesis and what must it consist of?- A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well framed question- A hypothesis leads to predictions that can be tested by observations or experiments- It must be testable and falsifiableWhat is an element?- A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactionsWhat is a compound?- A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratioHow many of the 92 elements are essential to life and what four make up 96% of living matter?- 25- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogenWhat are trace elements?- Elements required by an organism in minute quantitiesAtoms are composed of subatomic particles. What are the relevant subatomic particles?- Neutrons (no electrical charge)- Protons (positive charge)- Electrons (negative charge)What is the difference between atomic number and mass number?- Atomic number is the number of protons in its nucleus- Mass number is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus What are isotopes?- Two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutronsWhat are radioactive isotopes?- Decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energyWhat are some applications of radioactive isotopes in biological research?1. Dating fossils2. Tracing atoms through metabolic processes3. Diagnosing medical disorders What are the three types of chemical bonds?1. Covalent (results from sharing of electrons)2. Ionic or electrovalent (results from transfer of electrons)3. Hydrogen (results between hydrogen atom of one molecule and an electronegative atomof another molecule)What is a covalent bond?- The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atomsWhat is a molecule?- Consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bondsWhat is the difference between a single covalent bond and a double covalent bond?- A single bond only shares one pair of valence electrons while a double bond shares two pairs of valence electronsWhat is electronegativity? - An atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bondWhat is the difference between a cation and an anion?- A cation is positively charged ion and an ion is a negatively charged ionWhat type of bond is an attraction between an anion and a cation?- An ionic bondWhat are chemical reactions?- The making and breaking of chemical bondsWhat are the final molecules of a chemical reaction called?- ProductsWhat are the four properties of water that facilitate an environment for life?1. Cohesive behavior2. Ability to moderate temperature3. Expansion upon freezing4. Versatility as a solventWhat is evaporative cooling and what does it help stabilize?- As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools, a process called evaporative cooling- It helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of waterWhat is the difference between a solvent and a solute?- A solvent is the dissolving agent of a solution and the solute is the substance that is dissolvedWhat is the difference between an acid and a base?- An acid is any substance that increases the H+ concentration while a base is any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solutionWhat are three classes of polymers?1. Carbohydrates2. Proteins3. Nucleic acidsWhen does a condensation reaction occur?- When two monomers bond together through the loss of a water moleculeWhat disassembles polymers and what does reaction is this a reverse of?- Polymers are disassembled by hydrolysis; a reaction that is the reverse of dehydrationWhat is the most common monosaccharide?- Glucose (C6H12O6)When does a disaccharide form and what is this bond called?- It is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharide’s and this bond is called a glycosidic linkageWhat is a polysaccharide and what are the two major kinds?- It is the polymers of sugars that have storage and structural roles- The two major kinds are storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharidesWhere do humans and other vertebrates store glycogen?- Mainly in liver and muscle cellsWhat are the most biologically important lipids?- Fats- Phospholipids- SteroidsWhy are lipids hydrophobic?-