BIO 110 1nd EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 4-9Lecture 41. What is a cell and what is it correlated to?- A cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live. It is correlated to cellular function2. What occurs in a light microscope?- Visible light passes through a specimen and then through glass lenses, which magnify the image3. What is an organelle?- An organelle is a membrane-enclosed compartment4. What are the two types of electron microscopes and what are their functions?a. Scanning electron microscope (SEM): focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look three dimensionalb. Transmission electron microscope (TEM): focus a beam of electrons through a specimen, mainly to study internal structure of cells5. What are the basic features of all cells?- Plasma membrane- Chromosomes (carry genes)- Cytosol (semifluid substance)- Ribosomes (make proteins)6. What are prokaryotic cells characterized for having?- No nucleus - DNA in an unbound region (nucleoid)- No membrane bound organelles- Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane7. What are eukaryotic cells characterized for having?- DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope- Membrane bound organelles- Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus8. What does the nuclear envelope do?- It encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm9. What is chromatin?- Genetic material formed by DNA and proteins 10. Where is the nucleolus located and what is it the site of?- The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis11. Where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis?- In the cytosol (free ribosomes)- In the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)12. What are the components of the endomembrane system?- Nuclear envelope- Endoplasmic reticulum- Golgi apparatus- Lysosomes- Vacuoles- Plasma membrane13. What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and their differences?a. Smooth ER: lacks ribosomesb. Rough ER: ribosomes studding surfaces14. What do smooth ER and rough ER do?a. Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies poisons, stores calciumb. Rough ER: has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbs), and serves as a membrane factory for the cell15. What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?- Modifies products of endoplasmic reticulum- Manufactures certain macromolecules- Sort and packages materials into transport vesicles16. What is a lysosome?- Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules17. What is the difference between phagocytosis and autophagy?- Phagocytosis is a process in which some types of cells can engulf other cells. Autophagy is the process in which enzymes recycle the cells own organelles and macromolecules18. What is the difference between contractile and central vacuoles?- Contractile are found in many freshwater protists and pump excess water out of cells. Central are found in many mature plant cells and hold organic compounds and water.19. What is the plasma membrane?- A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell20. What three things do mitochondria and chloroplasts have that prevent them from being part of the endomembrane system?- Proteins made by free ribosomes- A double membrane- Contain their own DNA21. Mitochondria’s inner membrane creates two compartments. What are they called?- Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix22. What do chloroplast structures include?- Thylakoids (membranous sacs)- Stroma (internal fluid)23. What are the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton and describe them?- Microtubules: thickest- Microfilaments: thinnest- Intermediate filaments: diameters in middle range24. What kind of common ultrastructure do cilia and flagella have?- A core of microtubules sheathed by plasma membrane- Basal body that anchors cilium or flagellum- Motor protein called dynein, which drives bending movements of cilium or flagellumLecture 51. What are the different types of energy?- Kinetic- Thermal - Potential- Chemical2. What is thermodynamics?- The study of energy transformation3. What is an enzyme?- A catalyst that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction4. What is the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction called?- Activation energy (free energy of activation)5. What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors?- Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate. Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing theenzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective.6. What is the plasma membrane?- The boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings7. What is diffusion?- The tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space8. What is osmosis the diffusion of?- The diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane9. What are the three types of solutions and their descriptions?a. Tonicity: the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose waterb. Isotonic: solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell, no net water movement across the plasma membranec. Hypertonic: solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell, the cell loses waterd. Hypotonic: solute concentration is less than that inside the cell, the cell gains water10. What is plasmolysis?- A lethal effect when the membrane pulls away from the wall due to water loss11. What is one type of active transport system?- The sodium-potassium pump12. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?- Endocytosis is when a cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane (i.e. phagocytosis). Exocytosis is when the transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with is, and release their contents.13. What three processes do cells receiving signals go through?- Reception- Transduction- ResponseLecture 61. What is the difference between fermentation and aerobic respiration?- Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen- Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP2. What is a redox reaction?- Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants (aka oxidation-reduction reaction)3. What is the difference between