Cognitive Psychology Test 1 Chapter 1 Research Variable Hypothesis Theory Descartes John Locke o Looking understanding the relationship between variables o Anything that varies o Ex Shoe size memory o Particular claim about the relationship between variables o Fact based framework for describing a phenomenon o Idea of dualism The mind and body as separate but interactive machines Mind and body debate o I think therefore I am This was evidence of the minds existence o We are all born with innate ideas o Thought that at birth the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa Basically we start with nothing and learn everything through experience o Maintained that we were born without innate ideas and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perception o Argued that the associations of ideas that one makes when young are more important than those made later because they are the foundation of the self Wilhelm Wundt o Opened the first laboratory Faculty of Psychology in the University of Leipzig in 1879 Established the first Psychological Journal in 1881 o Was the first to apply the scientific method to the field o Considered to be the father of experimental psychology Introspection Structuralism o Structuralists Analyze consciousness into its basic elements and study how these were related Elements would include ideas like sensations emotions and images Careful systematic self observation of ones own conscious experience o Shows that over time you forget info but it isn t in a linear degree o Information is lost quickly and then it evens off o Introspection Forgetting Curve Ebbinghaus o Used the CVC for stimuli because other words would have triggered prior knowledge Wanted to control for prior knowledge Natural Selection of the Mind o Psychology split into two main schools structuralism vs functionalism Based on the work of Charles Darwin and his theory of natural Functionalism selection Structuralism Focused not so much on why but what the experience is and what the mechanisms are Problem Doesn t get at why o Natural Selection Heritable characteristics that provide an organism with a competitive advantage are more likely to be passed on to the next generation Thus less advantageous characteristics become extinct over Gestalt Psychology generations o The belief that consciousness and behavior must be studied as a whole rather than in separate disciplines Operant conditioning o Using reinforcement or punishment to change behavior Three Components of Connectionism 1 Neurological plausibility the models are clearly closer to brain function than are traditional rule based models 2 Parallel constraint satisfaction different sources of activation can converge on the representation Psychology tests first used for 3 Graceful degradation when the model is damaged performance slows o Immigrants o WW1 WW2 to assign people specific sections in the military o Happened because a lot of cognitive processes weren t explained by o All of our decisions of free will aren t actually free will we are probed by the Cognitive Revolution behaviorism Skinner argument about free will stimulus of the environment William James o Functionalism Idea that psychology should focus on the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure Focuses on the WHY o Functionalism became popular with the publication of his work Principles of Psychology o The work became the standard text for psychological departments and is still required reading in many university programs o What James started Rebelled against artificiality and narrowness of the Wundtian position Introspection does not show elements exist independently of the observer to think otherwise is the psychologists fallacy Simple sensations do not exist in consciousness experience they are inferred Mental life is a unity Chapter 2 Perception Object Recognition o Iconic Memory o The process of organizing and interpreting information enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events Memory of visual stimuli very brief Visual buffer for information o Feature Analysis Theory o Support of Feature Analysis Theory Eleanor Gibson s research Identify objects based on stored list of distinctive features Time required to decide if two letters are different Recognizing letters and numbers on envelopes Letters with many shared features are identified faster Hubel and Wiesel Measure response of single neuron to simple visual stimulus Retinal region and orientation activated specific neurons We are born with feature detectors o Problems with Feature Analysis Theory Complex shapes in nature How do you recognize a horse Relationship between features Head mane hooves Distortion of features with movement What if the horse moves o Recognition by Components Theory Combining geons to form meaningful objects Explains how we can identify complex objects Top Down Processing o Emphasizes concepts expectations memory o Strong when stimulus is registered for just a fraction of a second o Also strong when stimuli are incomplete or ambiguous o Context helps us recognize letters of the alphabet during reading We don t read letter by letter Bottom Up Processing o Emphasizes stimulus characteristics o Information that s already there actual stimulus in the real world Change Blindness o Fail to detect a change in an object or a scene o Detecting the difference between two scenes Top down processing encourages us to assume that the basic meaning of the scene will remain stable Important changes identified more quickly Do not store a detailed representation of a scene o Fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly o Ex The man in the gorilla suit while the people pass the basketball Can not recognize human faces Faster response to face in upright and upside down position o Face Inversion effect Slower responses when the face is upside down o Expertise does not help with unfamiliar professors Inattentional Blindness appears Face Perception o Prosopagnosia o fMRI Studies Speech Perception o McGurk effect Compromise between discrepant sources of information Suppose you identify an object on your desk What two basic processes are involved in you recognizing what the object is o Top down and bottom up processing What is the McGurk effect What does it tell us about speech perception o McGurk Effect When what you see is different then what you hear Guy having different lip movement than what he was saying What are requirements of
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