EXP3604C Exam 3 Notes10/25Imagery- relationships between different parts preserved in the mindMental representation of something physical, which is usually not presentUses top-down processing since the senses are not being usedAlso called imagination…not the same as picturesUsed for visual perception, anticipation, tracking, mental transformation and rotationGalton: imagery is subjective…meaning must be picked out of self-reports, which are unreliableRoger Shepard: can look at imagery use by measuring time it takes for someone to think it throughMental rotation- similar to physically rotating objectMore rotation needed = more time takenShepard + Metzler’s experiment See letters rotated to different angles1 degree of rotation = 60 milliseconds of imageryShowed that imagery can be studied with objective standard/measurementKosslyn’s experimentSee object, asked about the either the side that was being focused on or the one that was notIf asked about side that wasn’t focused on, subject had to scan over to itScan to the other side = most time takenKosslyn + Ball experimentStudy map, must scan from one landmark to anotherMore distance between landmarks = more time takenKosslyn’s experimentImagine rabbit next to either a bee or an elephant, then picture rabbit’s noseNext to elephant = more time taken to “zoom in”Imagery and perception can either interfere with or boost physical visionEyes follow same pattern when seeing physical object or imagining itArea of brain that works with physical sight also works with mental imageryHandles visuals in generalVisual neglect- ignoring half of the visual fieldEx: paying attention to only one side of a pictureKosslyn’s Theory of Perception and ImageryImages are activated in the occipital lobeAttention to a given detail leads to it being processed moreVisual heuristics same time and energyImagining objects on a map to be closer to 90 degrees than they actually areSame for symmetry, alignment (being lined up), rotation/tilting (being straight)Cognitive map- mental map of town, etcMental representation of physical environment, landmarks, locationsWorks with relationships between objects, not with images of objects themselvesRoads next to Tennessee, stores close to Publix, etcSpatial cognition- interpretation, processing and storage of 3D informationAnalog Code Theory- mental representations closely mirror physical objectsShepard + Metzler’s experiment showed mental rotation is like physical rotationPavio’s experimentAsked to imagine hands of analog clock at different times10/25 cnt’dHad to determine at which of the times the hands had the smallest angle between themSimilar angles = longer time to determine answerSegal + Fusella experimentTold to imagine something either visual or auditoryExposed to visual or auditory physical stimulusImagery and stimulus both visual/auditory = harder to detect stimulusMental images and physical stimuli interferePropositional Code Theory- mental representations are abstract language, don’t resemble actual objectReed: Star of David contains a parallelogramIt does have the shape, but most people store image as a star + can’t think of it that wayChambers + Reisberg: the ambiguous rabbit/duckHas few details and easy to see, but hard to interpret into mental imageImagery is hard to studyCannot objectively see mental representations so must rely on self-reportsSubjective, easily incorrect or misleading because people are fallible/don’t understand10/30Category- group of physical things that have traits in common and belong togetherEx: dogsExemplar- a physical instance or example of a categoryEx: an actual dogConcept- mental representation of a category, ideas about objectsEx: what you think dogs are likeUsed to predict exemplars, reason, communicate ideas with othersWe use concepts because of how we are designedCannot treat everything as completely distinct and unique, so we group them with othersCategorizing things into concepts is useful and efficient, saving time and effortDo we have the concepts that we do because they exist outside ourselves, or because we made them up?Concepts come to mind at different times for many reasonsContext makes you notice a certain conceptPriming makes a give concept more likely to come to mindStimuli make you have to actively use conceptsGoals make you tend to notice things that would lead to your desired outcomeChronic accessibility (thinking about something all the time) keeps a concept always in mindMed student syndrome is partly because they are primed to think of diseasesConcepts effect interpretation of eventsClassical view- concepts are based on necessary and sufficient traitsEx: bachelor = unmarried adult human maleEx: chair = four legs, back, seat? What about stools?Classical view does not work because some items have fuzzy boundariesTypicality effects- degree to which item is seen as model example of a categoryGreater degree = faster categorization into categoryWhen asked to give examples of category, typical examples given before atypical onesEx: fruit = apples, pears, bananas […] kumquats, starfruit, dragonfruitWorks like family resemblanceProbabilistic view- items have certain features that make them more or less likely to be in category10/30 cnt’dFeature comparison model- concepts are stored based on featuresCharacteristic features- not necessary, descriptive featuresDefining features- necessaryUses typicality effectPrototype approach- categorize items by comparing them to mental model of a categoryPrototype- the most representative/typical item in a category, the ideal exampleAssigns item different levels of categorizationSuperordinate- vague/abstract (ex: vehicle)Subordinate- specific (ex: Jeep)Basic- in the middle (ex: car)Prototype theory- concept represented by prototype, compare exemplar with prototypeEx: imagine the model dog, compare a new dog you see with that modelRosch’s ideaExemplar theory- concept represented by previous exemplars, changes to fit new exemplarsEx: have idea of what dogs are based on all dogs you’ve ever seenWorks better than Prototype theoryWould require a lot of memory to store all examples ever seenRules and exemplarsRules- predetermined categories, say how to sort different objects based on required detailsAre insufficientObject may fit category but not fit rule exactly, be missing traitsExemplars of category are necessary to understand what fits in categoryEx: Med students read description of disease but
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