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EXP3604C Exam 1 Notes8/28Cognition involves perception, attention, memory, imageryAlso problem-solving, categorization, judgment and language skillsThe human mind has been studied in many waysPhysiology- used techniques such as the fMRI, PET scan, ERPBOLD response- fMRI measures blood blow to different areas of the brain during a mental taskLateral occipital brain area deals with objectsFusiform face area deals with face recognitionMost complex tasks use many different brain areasThe level of analysis required to look at everything involved in them is huge…10 bil brain cells!Cognitive psychologists take the cognitive approachWhat’s happening in what?What has to happen to get things done?Figuring out processes and steps involved in mental tasksMaking models of how tasks are accomplishedExample: looking at how people respond to simple questions8/30Object recognition is one of the brain’s most complex tasksOccipital lobe deals with visual features, lines/curves and is in the back of the brainTemporal lobe deals with recognizing and telling different objects apartHubel + Wiesel experimented on a cat and discovered that individual neurons respond to specific thingsSome respond to only straight lines that are in a certain place in field of visionAllows recognition of lines and anglesFeature analysis model- features are recognized and then represented, step by stepPandemonium model- features are recognized all at once in many areas of brain, then decide what it isTop-down processing- have assumptions/expectations that guide perception of an objectBottom-up processing- examine with no assumptions, then recognize features and decide what it isConnectionist model- recognize words, letters and lines/curves/features all at onceWord superiority effect- can recognize individual letters better when placed in a recognizable wordSome stroke victims can recognize object but can’t locate it or pick it upOthers can locate object but can’t recognize itThe circle size illusion shows that object recognition and object location are processed differentlyPeople were confused about visual size but could reach for and pick up the circle correctlyConscious recognition- identifying objectsUnconscious recognition- locating objects9/4Mental attention is limited, like a spotlight or fuel sourceAttention improves target detectionPosner’s spatial cueing task- told to look in direction of arrow for target to pop upInvolved valid (arrow correct), invalid (arrow incorrect), and neutral (two arrows) trialsVisual search task- have to pick out object based on certain characteristicsEasy if it has an addition that the rest of the objects don’t9/4 cnt’dHard if it is missing something that all of the other objects have Distractor- visual task object that meets some search qualifications but not allFeature integration theory- people use feature maps (keywords) when looking for objectsExample: color/shape/sizeLoaded without attentionDisjunctive search- have to find object with only 1 difference, involves using feature mapConjunctive search- have to find object with 2 differencesBinding- object has 2 differences, the features are combined into one objectFinding an object with binding requires more attention, effort and timePosner and Boies 1967 Secondary RT testTell subject to do a main task: match capital letters with lowercase lettersSee if they can detect a tone while they are busyGave a warning tone before each sequence of letters beganIf there was a warning, subject could match letters much fasterThey completed the task right after the tone fast, then the next one after much slower Conclusion: attention capacity was in short supply after the first taskChange blindness- not noticing a changeExample: the gorilla experimentOnly happens if the change isn’t too obvious, is subtle enough9/6Becoming more skilled at a task -> can do task automaticallyAlso allows someone use attention or planning better, or add more complexityAutomatic- uses no attention, unconscious, continues by itself after first startingFormed through practice and repetition of the same thing over and overConsistency breeds automacyConsistent- uses parallel processing, not attention demanding, “out of control”/goes on by itselfParallel processing- can process many tasks at once because one of them is on auto pilotInconsistent- uses serial processing, attention demandingSerial processing- must process tasks individually, can only focus on one task at a timeInstance theory of automaticityConsistent mapping is required, which may show the importance of memoryAutomaticity retrieves old info rather than working it out from scratch, uses memory shortcutTheory says that once memory has enough instances of a task, it becomes automaticSkilled performance- performing 2 tasks at once, multitaskingSelective attention- choosing to pay attention to some things and ignore othersIgnored material is not remembered even after multiple repetitionsIn audio experiments, changes in language or playing tape backwards weren’t noticedChanges in tone, pitch, and gender of speaker were noticedBroadbent theory- attention filtering happens at the physical level, physical (f)-> meaning -> awarenessMind analyzes sounds first, then decides to accept/ignore themIf distinct enough, sounds may be noticed anywayExample: hearing your nameHowever, people were filtering sounds out based on meaningPut one audio in one ear and another in the other then swap -> follow one messageAttentuation theory- filter is at meaning, physical -> meaning (f) -> awarenessMoveable theory- filter doesn’t stay in one place, physical (f) -> meaning (f) -> awareness9/6 cnt’dStroop test- ink color and color name mixed up, told to name one or the otherMeasures controlled and automatic processesWord reading is automatic, fast and involuntaryColor naming is slower and requires attentionClinical attention problems are found with depression, ADHD, older peopleAnxiety makes people pay more attentionOCD makes people pay very specific attention, too focused to ignore thingsSchizophrenics are easily distracted and lose focusAlertness- being ready or prepared, tied to right frontal + parietal lobesOrientation- locating objects in space, tied to parietal lobe + frontal eye fieldsExecutive control- conscious effort/choice/conflict resolution, tied to frontal lobe + anterior singulateRequires dopamineTemplate matching theory- compare perceived object with a model in memory -> recognize objectFeature


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FSU EXP 3604C - Exam 1 Notes

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