Cognitive Psychology Spring 2014 Exam 1 covers chapters 1 2 3 4 Skip section on speech perception in Chapter 2 Review for Exam 1 Perceptual Processes theory Theories of Object Recognition focus on Recognition by Components model geon o Two theories of object recognition 1 Recognition by components theory by Biederman that any given view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3 D shapes called geons 36 geons differ by edges symmetry sweep axis and comparative relations to other geons visual system is composed of a small number of characteristics or components called distinctive features problem features in nature are more complex 2 Feature Analysis theory Distinction between Top down and bottom up processing o Bottom up o Top down environment analyzed into visual features build up into objects expectations and knowledge guides perception Neural network also known as connectionist or parallel distributed processing PDP theory of perceiving features Units are interconnected and can o Connectionist model of processing PDP excite inhibit other units theory that the cognitive processes can be explained by activation flowing through networks that link together nodes Every new event changes the strength of connections among relevant units by altering the connection weights o word superiority effect parallel will either stimulate or inhibit different feature detectors which will then stimulate or inhibit different letter detectors which will finally stimulate or inhibit different word detectors features letters words when a reader is presented with a word each letter in Change blindness and inattentional blindness o Change blindness changes in visual scenes are arranged to occur simultaneously with some kind of extraneous brief disruption in visual continuity we fail to detect a change in an object or scene due to overuse of top down processing ex screen flickers between two presentations of scene a major change between the two must be detected o Inattentional blindness when we are paying attention to some events in a scene we may fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible objects suddenly appears ex door study an unnoticed gorilla walking through basketball players more likely when the primary task is cognitively demanding Separate brain systems for perceiving object identity what and where it is or how to act on it o Temporal lobe object recognition What 1 Conscious system o Parietal lobe action to location how where 1 Unconscious system Research on the how system not being susceptible to certain visual illusions Attention Capacity and Selection Attention enhances processing we control allocation of attention across visual displays Measuring the Attention requirements or demands of tasks by using secondary reaction time to a tone or visual probe the limited capacity of attention Posner Bois experiment o Posner and Boies Warning Signal 1 Primary task letter matching o First letter then Second letter match or not e g a then A yes C then j no 2 Secondary task auditory tone detection o tone presented a different points relative to letter stimuli press button as fast as possible results tone had no effect Posner experiment with cue to attend to left or attend to right o speeds ability to respond to target square in place you are attending o slows response to target in unexpected place o Shows orienting to location Attention and eye movement usually goes together o eye movements saccades but attention can move w out eyes Dichotic listening studies of selective attention Stroop effect also requires selection as does flanker task o Dichotic Listening Study participants were asked to listen to both messages at the same time and repeat what they heard conclusion you can only pay attention to the message in one ear channel at a time the message in the other ear is lost could be explained by the short term memory store o Stroop effect subjects are told to press a left key or a right key depending on the color of the stimulus the color word is irrelevant o Flanker task can be either consistent e g blue written in blue ink or inconsistent e g green written in blue ink with the color Responses are faster and more accurate for consistent stimuli than for inconsistent stimuli subjects are shown a string of letters on a screen told to press a left key or a right key depending on what letter appears in the center of the screen target letter surrounding flanker letters are irrelevant can be either consistent HHH or inconsistent SHS with the target Responses are faster and more accurate for consistent stimuli than for inconsistent stimuli Triesman and Gelade s feature integration theory o Feature Integration Theory shape color size that are loaded without attention theory that suggests that we have feature maps There are two forms of vision 1 Pre attentive Vision 2 Attentive Vision o Uses distributed attention o object is analyzed for details such as shape color orientation o occurs early in perceptual processing o Uses focused attention o conjunction search o individual features of an object combine in order to perceive the whole object Difference between conjunctive and disjunctive searches in visual search tasks o Conjunctive search search in which person must bind two features which requires attention and takes longer serial processing characteristics features should pop out during search and should be able to form illusory conjunctions parallel processing search in which items have at least one set of similar o Disjunctive search Automatic versus controlled attention and the acquisition of automaticity in visual search experiments of Schneider and Shiffrin search for J or T among displays or letter or search for different letters from trial to trial parallel processing fast not attention demanding produces o Automatic attention interference because it is involuntary does not require capacity controlled does not produce interference o Controlled attention serial processing slow attention demanding consciously o Schneider and Shiffrin search for J or T among displays or letter or search for different letters from trial to trial RT longer for varied mapping vs consistent Difference between consistent mapping and varied inconsistent mapping during practice o Consistent mapping o Varied inconsistent mapping leads to automaticity not attention demanding requires attentional control Logan s theory of automaticity as based on retrieval of answer from memory o each time you
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