Chapter 9 Substance use low moderate use experiences that do not lead to social educational or occupational functioning Intoxication can be an isolated event or a recurring state in context of substance use disorder o reversible and substance specific o maladaptive behavioral psychological changes associated with CNS Substance use disorder combo of substance abuse and substance dependence from DSM IV o Disruption in social occupational or educational functioning o Distress dysfunction Substance induced disorders intoxication withdrawal other disorders induced by drugs Tolerance after taking drug for long period of time it takes more of the drug to get the same high Withdrawal physical symptoms associated w removal of a drug o Varies depending on which drug and how much how long the person Ecstasy MDMA Crystal methamphetamine ADHD medication legal amphetamines has been using Commonly used licit or legal drugs o Caffeine most common o Nicotine o Alcohol Commonly used illicit drugs o Marijuana most common o Amphetamines o Cocaine o Sedative drugs Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Rohipnol o Opioids heroine morphine codeine o Inhalants Caffeine stimulant o Effects boosts energy mood awareness concentration and alertness o Side effects agitation headaches rebound fatigue and insomnia o Withdrawal symptoms crash afterwards o Long term risks can lead to anxiety or physical problems cardiovascular distress Nicotine stimulant and sedative o Effects releases adrenalin first stimulant and then dopamine after sedative o Side effects highly addictive o Withdrawal symptoms depressed mood insomnia irritability frustration anger anxiety difficulty concentrating restlessness decreased heart rate increased appetite weight gain o Long term risks risks for cancer cardiovascular disease respiratory illness and death Alcohol second most commonly used licit drug depressant o Effects alcohol increases GABA the brains inhibitory neurotransmitter impaired motor coordination decreasing reaction times sad mood impaired memory poor judgment etc o Side effects o Withdrawal symptoms hallucinations delirium tremens disorientation high blood pressure severe agitation fever formication feeling of bugs crawling on you o Long term risks alcohol cirrhosis liver disease Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome amnesia confusion and confabulation or filling in the blanks of the memory loss Marijuana most common illicit drug o Effects produces mild intoxication lasting about 1 3 hours hunger thirst dry mouth trembling fatigue o Side effects cognitive difficulties paying attention o Withdrawal symptoms cravings do occur but don t know if it s mental or physical For those that have symptoms they include restlessness loss of appetite trouble sleeping and shaky hands o Long term risks respiratory problems and increased risk of cancer o Effects increased wakefulness energy o Side effects increased heart rate blood pressure increased violence and aggression emaciation and malnutrition o Withdrawal symptoms withdrawal produces crashes marked by irritability depression and prolonged periods of sleep o Long term risks stroke tolerance develops rapidly often leading to Amphetamines stimulant overdose Cocaine stimulant o Effects highly addictive both psychological and physical increased dopamine production o Side effects prevents nerve cells reabsorption of dopamine which provides more positive feelings o Withdrawal symptoms o Long term risks tolerance leads to larger doses which increases risk of death heart problems Barbiturates depressant o Effects increases GABA like alcohol o Side effects slurred speech decreased respiration fatigue disorientation lack of coordination and dilated pupils o Withdrawal symptoms tremors increased blood pressure and heart rate sweating and seizures o Long term risks tolerance develops rapidly increasing risk of overdose Benzodiazepines depressant valium Xanax roofies mother s little helper o Effects temporarily treated anxiety and insomnia o Side effects light headedness vertigo and muscle control problems o Withdrawal symptoms anxiety insomnia tremors and delirium o Long term risks dependence Opioids heroine codeine and morphine o Effects mimics the body s natural opioids endorphins provides a pain relief euphoria sedation reduces anxiety o Side effects tolerance develops very quickly only about 2 3 days o Withdrawal symptoms can appear within 4 6 hours after stopping the drug and include rapid breathing yawning crying sweating a runny nose the symptoms worsen with chronic use and include hyperactivity intensified awareness agitation increased heart rate fever dilated pupils tremors hot and cold flashes aching muscles loss of appetite abdominal cramps and diarrhea o Long term risks if using needles to inject there is a increased risk of HIV AIDS hepatitis Hallucinogens LSD Psilocybin magic mushrooms o Effects altered states of sensation and perception o Side effects can produce panic and paranoia tolerance builds up rapidly but fades after a few days o Withdrawal symptoms no evidence for substantial withdrawal effects Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder flashbacks a few days later o Long term risks No evidence Inhalants most common used in teens gasoline paint glue cleaning fluid o Effects rapid onset of sedation euphoria and disinhibition o Side effects dizziness drowsiness confusion slurred speech and impaired motor skills irregular heartbeat and respiratory failure o Withdrawal symptoms weight loss muscle weakness disorientation inattentiveness irritability and depression o Long term risks they damage the myelin so have damage to nerves Also damages bone marrow brain and other vital organs Risks of drinking alcohol when pregnant o Fetal alcohol syndrome Children with this have short palpebral fissure lengths distance from inner to outer corner of eye smooth pilitrum area between nose and upper lip and a thin upper lip The natural opioid our body produces are endorphins They provide a euphoric feeling in the body The environment is more important when beginning to use substances but biology is more important in the development of substance use disorder Effects of positive reinforcement on substance use o You feel good when you are high so you keep using the drug to feel that good again Effects of negative reinforcement on substance use o You feel like crap the next morning so you don t want to do the drugs so you can remove the chance of the hangover Effects of classical conditioning on substance use