PSYC 281 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideCh. 12 Childhood Disorders- Provide description, etiology, and treatment of specific learning disorders (e.g., impairment in reading, mathematics, and written expression)o Specific Learning Disorder- Academic achievement below expectationso Child has average/above average intelligence- With impairment in 1+ of the following:1. Reading Sometimes called “dyslexia” Most common of the learning disorders Reading achievement significantly lower than what would be expected for child’s age, intelligence/educational level- Oral reading errors- Reading slowly- Problems with reading comprehension- Problems with spelling Caused by problems recognizing and producing sounds (phonemes) that are put together to make words- Problems “sounding out” words2. Mathematics Sometimes called “dyscalculia” Diminished ability to understand mathematical terms, operations, or concepts Problems recognizing or copying numbers or signs Problems with mental math3. Written Expression Sometimes called ”dysgraphia” Problems composing grammatically correct sentences Frequent grammatical, punctuation, spelling errors Problems writing coherent paragraphs No problems expressing ideas orally- 5-10% of school-aged children are diagnosedo 2-8% of these with Reading typeo Etiology: Abnormal brain functioning- Not one neurocognitive impairment, but many Moderate genetic heritability- 71% concordance for MZ twins, 49% concordance for DZ twins- Many genes involved- Provide description, etiology, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).- Symptoms1. Inattentiveness2. Hyperactivity/impulsivity- Both relate to Executive Functioning- Symptoms before age 12, across multiple contexts- Subtypes (inattentive, hyperactive, inattentive-hyperactive)- Functional impairment (- Etiology- Neurobehavioral disordero Genetic link 20-25% of family members Heritability estimated at 77% Structural brain abnormalities (frontal cortex, cerebellum, subcortex)o Lead contaminationo Maternal behavior during pregnancy Smoking, alcohol useo Environment factors Low SES, paternal criminality, maternal psychopathologyTreatment of ADHD- Pharmacologicalo Stimulant medicationso Associated controversies 30% of children do not respond Side effects Slowed growtho- Provide description, etiology, and treatment of conduct disorder.o Description The most serious disorder Lasting at least 12 months Aggressive to people and animals Destruction of property Deceitfulness or Thef Serious violations of ruleso Treatment Parent training Therapyo- Provide description, etiology, and treatment of oppositional defiant disorder.o Description Similar to conduct disorder Irritable/angry mood- Loses temper- Easily annoyed Argumentative/defiant behavior- Argues with adults- Defies rules Vindictiveness- Deliberately annoys others- Angry or resentful- Blames others for misbehavior Best way to treat their temper tantrums is to just ignore them- Don’t even punish them, because then they’re still getting attention Average age of onset is 8, always before early adolescence- First symptoms emerge in preschool years Treatment- Same as conduct disorder- Provide description, etiology, and treatment of autism spectrum disorder. What are potential genetic and biological causes?o Etiology of ASD Neurodevelopmental disorder- 90% heritability rate- Accelerated head/brain growth- Brain abnormalities o Cingulate cortex- verbal info, emotion, personally important faceso Fusiform gyrus- facial recognition - NOT caused by vaccines- NOT caused by “refrigerator mothers”o Mothers who are cold and don’t give their child enough love as they were kidso Treatment Early and Intensive Intervention- 20 hours per week before age 4 Behavioral interventions- Provide description, etiology, and treatment of intellectual disabilities. What are potential causes of ID (i.e., specific diseases, maternal behaviors, and social factors that may contribute to the disorder)?o Environmental Causes of ID Pre-natal factors:- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)o One of the leading causes of intellectual disabilities in kids- Malnutrition- Infection- Premature birth Oxygen cut off during birth Post-natal factors:- Lead exposure  Cultural-familial disability- Mild ID more common in people of lower SESo Treatment of ID In the past, institutionalization was common Now, 90% of people with ID live with family or in a group home Not reversible, but can learn skills- Shapingo Doing something and giving a reward, over and over- Chaining o Teaching someone a skill in small steps  Medication used for symptoms such as aggression, attention problemo- What are the behavioral methods used to treat children with autism? Behavioral interventions- Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)o Shaping Praising them for even trying- Ex: You want a kid to learn how to fold a shirt, so even if they just pile the shirt up into a ball- you’d praise them for it. Yo Positive Reinforcemento Chaining One thing at a time How to do essential things in life- Folding clothes, going to the store orbank- (Mildly) aversive procedureso Used in specific instanceso When child’s health/welfare as risko Under supervision of qualified professionalo- Describe the symptoms and treatment of elimination disorders. Be able to distinguish between primary versus secondary.o Enuresis Voiding urine into one’s clothing or bedding Primary vs secondary- Primaryo A child has never achieved urinary continence- Secondaryo When a child who was once fully continence loses that controlo Encopresis Repeated elimination of feces in inappropriate places or own clothing- Children should be over 4-5 years old when diagnosedo Treatment Making them “go” before bed, then waking them every 2-3 hours to go again Have them tell you when they have to go, and have them hold it for a few minutes at a time until you get to 45 minutes to help them control it Urinary bed alarms Medication Ch. 13 Aging & Cognitive Disorders- Define successful aging. What factors contribute to successful aging?o Selective Aging is defined as: Active lifestyle Perceived good health Continued independence in functioning Lack of disability/cognitive impairment Positive social relationshipso Selective optimization/compensation: modifying goals and