PSYC 281 1st EditionExam# 4 Study Guide11/13Chapter 12- Neurodevelopmental disorderso Intellectual Disability o Specific Learning Disordero Autism Spectrum Disorder- Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorderso Conduct Disordero Oppositional Defiant Disorder- Elimination Disorderso Enuresiso EncopresisWhat does “abnormal” look like in children?- Childhood/adolescence are stages of lifeo Physical, cognitive and emotional development- Development of emotiono Recognition of basic emotions, subtle emotions- Psychological disorders expressed differently in childhood than they are in adulthoodo Ex: Worry in childhood- Maturation may eliminate some symptoms, but some of are lifelongIQ and Intellectual Disability- Remember, IQ scores are on a normal curve- Mean= 100- Normal = 85-115- DSM-IV:o “Mental retardation” instead of IDo IQ < 70 = MRo Below average intelligence and functional abilitiesIntellectual Disability (ID)• DSM-5: No single test of cognitive functioning should be used to determine diagnosis• MR is now an obsolete termDiagnosis of intellectual disability requires:1. Deficits in intellectual functioning2. Deficits in adaptive functioning• 3 domains: • Conceptualà language, writing, math• Socialà empathy, social judgment, friendship• Practicalà money, organization, job skills3. Onset before 18 yrsClicker:- Intellectual disability is currently determined solely on IQ, T or F?o False- Christina is 13, she cannot dress herself. She also has poor hand-eye coordination, speaks in simple sentences, but is good natured and friendly. Should she be diagnosed with ID?o ProbablyFour subtypes of Intellectual Disability (DSM-IV)- Mild o IQ 50-55 to 69- Moderate o IQ 35-40 to 50-55- Severeo IQ 20-25 to 35-40- Profoundo IQ below 20 or 25Functional Impairment- About 1-3% of general population has an IDo 85% = mild disability range- ID more prevalent in boys than girls- Racial differences in IQ scores are controversialo IQ tests not culturally fair?- “Least restrictive environment”o Supported employment Help them maintain jobs and to develop the skills they need to keep ito Sheltered workshops Specific setup that’s meant for the certain disability that person has- Example, someone has a disability in math, so their workshop will focus on something like reading (something they can do)o Mainstreaming Children with disabilities included in regular classroomsIs mainstreaming a good idea?Genetic Causes of Intellectual Disability- Down syndromeo Cause: Three #21 chromosomes in every cell (usually 2) Plaques and tangles like in Alzheimer’so 1 in 1,000 children are born with Down syndromeo Distinctive facial featureso Mild-moderate IDo Features:- Phenylketonuria (PKU)o Lack enzyme to break down phenylalanineo Accumulation in body causes abnormalitieso Screened for at birth in U.S.o Treated with special low-protein dieto .01% of population- Fragile X Syndromeo Most common inherited cause of IDo DNA makes too many copies of itself, “turns off” gene on X chromosomeo Cells do not make necessary proteino ID & behavioral problems o Half as common in girls (Girls= XX, Boys = XY) Girls have “spare” X chromosome 1 in 4,000 males 1 in 8,000 femalesClicker:- Why might girls be less likely than boys to have Fragile X Syndromeo Because they have an extra x chromsomeEnvironmental Causes of ID- Pre-natal factors:o Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) One of the leading causes of intellectual disabilities in kidso Malnutritiono Infectiono Premature birth- Oxygen cut off during birth- Post-natal factors:o Lead exposure - Cultural-familial disabilityo Mild ID more common in people of lower SESTreatment of ID- In the past, institutionalization was common- Now, 90% of people with ID live with family or in a group home- Not reversible, but can learn skillso Shaping Doing something and giving a reward, over and overo Chaining  Teaching someone a skill in small steps  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLG2NMXqyl8 - Medication used for symptoms such as aggression, attention problemsSpecific Learning Disorder- Academic achievement below expectationso Child has average/above average intelligence- With impairment in 1+ of the following:1. Reading Sometimes called “dyslexia” Most common of the learning disorders Reading achievement significantly lower than what would be expected for child’s age, intelligence/educational level- Oral reading errors- Reading slowly- Problems with reading comprehension- Problems with spelling Caused by problems recognizing and producing sounds (phonemes) that are put together to make words- Problems “sounding out” words2. Mathematics Sometimes called “dyscalculia” Diminished ability to understand mathematical terms, operations, or concepts Problems recognizing or copying numbers or signs Problems with mental math3. Written Expression Sometimes called ”dysgraphia” Problems composing grammatically correct sentences Frequent grammatical, punctuation, spelling errors Problems writing coherent paragraphs No problems expressing ideas orally- 5-10% of school-aged children are diagnosedo 2-8% of these with Reading typeLearning Disorders: Etiology & Treatment- Etiology:o Abnormal brain functioning Not one neurocognitive impairment, but manyo Moderate genetic heritability 71% concordance for MZ twins, 49% concordance for DZ twins Many genes involvedClicker:- Specific learning disorders probably arise from a single neurological abnormality: T or Fo FalseSpecific Learning Disorder & Impairment - 40% of children with learning disorders drop out of schoolo Diminished job prospects- Demoralization, low self-esteem- Comorbid ADHD, behavioral disorders, depression, anxiety- Children with mild symptoms hard to identify and may be mislabeledClicker:- Children with mild symptoms are hard to identify and may be mislabeled; T or Fo True Because some symptoms overlap, look like another