281 Final Exam Chapter 12 Specific learning disorders o Etiology Abnormal brain functioning not one neurocognitive impairment but many Moderate genetic heritability o Impairment in reading aka dyslexia most common Reading achievement is significantly lower than what would be expected for the age IQ education level for that child Includes errors in oral reading reading slowly problems with reading comprehension and problems with spelling This is usually caused by problems recognizing and producing the sounds phonemes problems sounding out the words Treatment for this focuses on processing sounds Ex hooked on phoenix o Impairment in mathematics aka dyscalculia Diminished ability to understand mathematical terms operations or concepts problems recognizing or copying numbers or signs and problems with mental math Treatments include drill exercises that work on speed and accuracy and memorization o Impairment in written expression aka dysgraphia Problems composing grammatically correct sentences Frequent grammatical punctuation spelling errors Problems writing coherent paragraphs No problems expressing ideas orally Treatment includes progress from simple to more challenging Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD writing tasks o Description Prevalent early onset childhood disorder that affects many aspects of functioning associated with a deficit in executive functioning Symptoms before age of 12 across multiple contexts Subtypes Inattentive Hyperactive Inattentive hyperactive o 4 to 5 times greater prevalence in boys vs girls o Etiology Genetic links 20 25 of family members heritability estimate 77 Structural brain abnormalities in frontal cortex cerebellum and subcortex Lead contamination lead paint Maternal smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy Environmental factors Low SES paternal criminality maternal psychopathology o Treatments Pharmacological Stimulant medication Associated controversies o 30 of children don t respond to the medication side effects present slowed growth Behavioral Behavioral parent training Daily report cards Summer treatment Program Pelham o 8 weeks all day Collaborative multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD treatment o Medication behavioral therapy best Conduct disorder o This is what comes before adulthood antisocial personality disorder o This disorder shows aggression toward people and animals Bullying behavior physical violence Cruelty to animals o Destruction of property Vandalism fire setting rare o Deceitfulness or theft Breaking and entering shoplifting forgery Stealing gum to stealing cars o Serious violation of rules School truancy violating curfew Oppositional Defiant Disorder Skipping school all the way to assault and rape o Kids that throw temper tantrums their first word they learn is no and use it frequently o Loose their temper a lot quicker and will happen anywhere o Irritable angry mood o Argumentative defiant behavior Picks fights with siblings and parents o Vindictiveness others Ex Blaming others for their behavior or purposely annoying o Average onset is 8 and is always before early adolescence More efficacious than treatment as usual or no treatment Treatment of ODD CD o Behavioral parent training o Multisystemic Therapy MST Community based Intensive case management Autism spectrum disorder o Persistent deficits in social communication interaction Eye contact is really stuck rigid or avoidant Peer relationship problems Delay or lack in spoken language Does not seek to share enjoyment Ex Won t be excited to tell friends about how well you did on certain task they keep these things to themselves Lack of make believe play o Restricted repetitive behaviors interests or activities Highly restrictive fixated interests abnormal intensity Inflexibility with changing schedules routines Stereotyped repetitive movements o Other symptoms include no real fear for danger too good children not throwing temper tantrums quietly playing alone abnormal sleep patterns o It is now a dimensional approach in the DSM 5 o 1 68 kids diagnosed o Onset before age 3 possible diagnosis early as 12 18 months o Etiology associated w older birth mother 90 heritability rate Accelerated head brain growth Brain abnormalities Cingulate cortex verbal info emotion personality important faces Fusiform gyrus facial recognition o Treatment Best treatment behavioral treatment not medicine Applied behavior analysis ABA Shaping Positive reinforcement Mildly aversive procedures Ex Spraying child with water when child s heath welfare at risk Intellectual Disability ID preschool years o Onset has to be before age 18 usually seen much before like in o No single test of cognitive functioning should be used to determine diagnosis o Diagnosis requires Deficits in intellectual functioning Deficits in adaptive functioning Conceptual academic Practical paying bills catching the bus etc Social friendship Onset before age 18 o Four subtypes Mild IQ 50 55 to 69 Moderate IQ 35 40 to 50 55 Profound IQ below 20 to 25 Severe IQ 20 25 to 35 40 o Potential causes of ID Down syndrome Cause Three 21 chromosomes in every cell usually 2 o Plaques and tangles like in Alzheimer s Fragile X syndrome o Most common inherited cause of ID o DNA makes too many copies of itself turns off gene on X chromosome o Cells do not make necessary protein o Half as common in girls b c girls have spare X chromosome Phenylketonuria PKU o Lack the enzyme to break down phenylalanine o Accumulation in body causes abnormalities o Treated w special low protein diet o Must stay on diet for life Prenatal factors o Fetal alcohol syndrome FAS Leading preventable cause of ID o Malnutrition o Infection o Premature birth Oxygen cut off during birth Cultural familial disability Lead exposure o Mild ID more common in people of lower SES Treatment o In the past institutionalization was common o Now 90 of people with ID live with family or in a group o It s not reversible but skills can be learned Slowly teaching one piece of behavior home o Shaping o Chaining Teaching separate behaviors then linking together o Medication used for symptoms such as aggression attention Behavioral methods used to treat children with autism problems o Early and intensive intervention 20 hours week before age 4 o ABA Positive reinforcement o Mildly aversive treatments Shaping Water spray Elimination disorders o Symptoms o Enuresis repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes whether o Encopresis repeated passage of feces into