Basic Genetics Four basics molecules of life Nucleic acids proteins lipids carbohydrates Genes are Dna sequences that encode information to make specific rna or protein DNA codes for proteins either stops there or proteins create next product Proteins re gene product Order of nucleotides in a gene is specific to a product ATGC in DNA Transcription DNA sequence is transcribed into an RNA copy of the Dna sequence Translation the rna sequence is decoded by the ribosome to produce the appropriate protein Mutations change the dna sequence of a gene forming new alleles Different alleles can result in the production of variant forms of the encoded protein Genotype vs phenotype Geno is what the dna says Phenotype is what is expressed Genotype determines how well adapted an individual is to their environment Phenotype directly interacts with the environment How well adapted an individual is to its environment depends on its phenotype but phenoltype is determined by genotype Alleles provide an advantage in a particular environment will become more common in that environment HbS allele is much more common in humans who live in areas with high malaria infection rates Diploid organsisms have two copies of each gene One allele f each gene is inherited from the mother and the other from the father Meiosis results in production of haploid gametes Diploid has two alleles of each gene Haploid has one allele of each gene Fertilization results in a new diploid organism Sexual reproduction results in variation New combinations of alleles in every offspring Natural selection is the process of competition and unequal reproduction of offspring Variation in phenotype Environmental fed vs starved Genetic mutation Evolution change over time Individuals do not evolve Mutation is the source of new alleles and variation Selection favors reproductive success of better adapted variants
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