I Living organisms have the ability to A Reproduce Biology Chapter 1 1 Organisms can produce almost exact copies of themselves 2 Organisms evolve because the reproductions aren t exactly the same B Have complex organization 1 Organisms are more highly structured than their environment 2 The metabolism maintains this structure in the face of entropy 3 Entropy measure of disorder in a system C Have a metabolism 1 Extracting energy and raw materials from the environment to maintain homeostasis and build complex materials and structures 2 The energy comes from the sun or chemical compunds 1 The internal environment of an organism actively maintained D Maintain homeostasis in a stable state 2 Must be maintained even if the external environment changes E Respond and alter their environment F Have the capacity to evolve over many generations II 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics A The degree of disorder entropy in the universe tends to increase over time B Building and maintaining an organisms complex organization requires a lot of energy This results in the production of heat III Cell Theory A Cell the simplest self replicating entity that can exist as an independent unit of life B All living organisms are composed of one or more cells C All cells come from pre existing cells D All cells have features that correlate with characteristics of life 1 Plasma Membrane a selectively permeable physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment 2 DNA in Chromosomes cells contain genetic information that encodes instructions for making a cell like itself 3 Ribosomes Factories that use energy and raw materials to IV Molecules that are signatures of life build complex proteins A DNA 1 Genetic material in all cells that stores and transmits information 2 DNA encodes information to make RNA and proteins a DNA transcriptions RNA translations proteins B Proteins 1 A large class of molecules that carry out many essential roles in cells a enzymes regulate metabolism b c cytoskeletal proteins form rods and fibers that transcription factors regulate the decoding of DNA d Receptors sense the environment e Channels Transports regulate the movement of shape the cell materials C Phospholipids D Carbohydrates 1 Form a barrier membrane around the cell plasma membrane and around some cell organelles cell organs 1 Used for energy storage and transportation from cell to cell V Genes A Genes DNA sequence that encodes information to make a specific RNA or protein genetic product B Genes encode information by the order of nucleotide bases used to intersect the ribosome to make a particular protein C The DNA sequence is transcribed to RNA D The RNA is decoded by ribosomes to produce a protein VI Mutations allele A Mutations change the DNA sequence of a gene This forms a new B Different alleles can result in the production of variant forms of VII Diploid Organisms the encoded protein A Diploid organisms have 2 copies of each gene 1 One allele of each gene is inherited from the mother and the other from the father B For each gene a diploid organism can be homozygous or heterozygous 1 Homozygous 2 alleles are the same 2 Heterozygous 2 alleles are different VIII Genotype and Phenotype C Meiosis in diploid organisms results in the production of a haploid D Fertilization results in the new diploid organism A Genotype the particular alleles within a particular individual B Phenotype The structure and function of a cell is determined by the specific proteins in the cell 1 The detectable structure and functions of an individual is the phenotype 2 Phenotype depends on genotype IX Determining Adaptaion A Phenotyoe interacts with the environment B Adaptaion of an individual to its environment depends on the phenotype But remember the phenotype is determined by the genotype C Alleles that an individual carries determines how well adapted an individual is D Alleles that provide an advantage in a environment will become more common in that environment Enviornment Phenotype Genotype X Variation in Phenotype A Comes from mutations an reproduction B Can be environmental or genetic C Ferilization produces unique combinations of alleles even in offspring of the same parents D Evolution change over time E Mutations increase variations F Selection favors reproductive success of better adapted variantsc
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