Chapter 1 21 22 23 9 9 14 Chapter 1 o Characteristics of living organisms Ability to reproduce Contain genetic information Unicellular or multicellular Maintain homeostasis Genetically related and have the capacity to evolve Metabolism Complex Change in response to environment Can harness energy from the environment o Life comes from life experiments Spontaneous generation does not occur Multi cellular world o Plasma membrane Phospholipid bilayer Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Hydrophilic are the heads and hydrophobic are the tails Hydrophobic does not interact with water Hydrophilic will interact with water Selectively permeable Allows for some ions to pass through and others not to Defines the cells and spaces between Have all the characteristics of cells Cannot harness energy from the environment o Viruses Chapter 21 o Genotype genetic makeup sets of alleles that make up our visible differences xX XY o Phenotype Physical features which are shown through phenotype blue eyes o Species A group that organisms that is capable of interbreeding o Mutation Somatic not passed onto the next generation just passed onto other cells body cells skin cells liver cells Germ line these are passed down to the next generation egg and sperm o Hardy Weinberg conditions No mutation No migration Mate at random No differences in the survival or reproductive success of individuals Large population size to prevent sampling errors o Sexual selection Positive increases the probability of mating Negative ability to be spotted by predators Chapter 22 o Species the ability or inability of a population to produce fertile offspring o Speciation the process of creating a new species o Biological species concept Groups that are actually or potentially isolated from other groups Not always practical To test you would need to breed these organisms some organisms take weeks to years to breed Limitations Ring species extinct organisms asexual o Ecological species concept Species that are categorized by their niche Impossible for two species to coexist in the same locations if their niches are too Members of the same species share a common ancestor and a similar fate Stating that members of the species look identical This is more practical but not perfect Male and female birds look different similar o Evolutionary species o Morphospecies concept o Reproductive isolation Pre can t mate at all Behavioral Temporal Spatial Physical Post offspring are infertile genetically incompatible Mule horse and donkey o Cannot give rise to new offspring o Allopatric speciation Separation of populations by a physical barrier Subspecies may form o Co Speciation Two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other and at the same time Parasites and gophers o Sympatric No physical barrier something changes ecologically Different shape of beaks new foods seed sizes o Instantaneous Offspring are isolated from parents Chapter 23 o Phylogeny evolutionary history of a group of organisms o Node last common ancestor shared between species o Sister groups two species that share the same common ancestor o Monophyletic single ancestor and all of its descendants o Paraphyletic A common ancestor with some but not all descendants o Polyphyletic No common ancestor is shared o Homologous Something that evolved from a common ancestor and is passed on o Analogous Cannot be seen in the common ancestor and evolves independently o Synapomorphy shared by some but not all seen in the descendants but not in the o Radioactive dating Using isotopes of carbon to get a more precise date amount of common ancestor Carbon isotope can determine age Jeopardy Review Questions What is the difference between homologous and analogous traits What type of DNA was used to support the OUT OF AFRICA THEORY How many years ago did humans separate from chimpanzees What is ecology Define reproductive isolation What is the difference between somatic and germ cell mutation How are organisms classified What are the levels of classification What is the importance of the FOXP2 gene How are new alleles created What are the 2 laws to thermodynamics What is metabolism Are viruses living Why or why not What are the distinct features we humans have acquired since the split from the chimpanzees How does the morphsspecies concept define a species What are the limitations What are the characteristics of living things What is a phenotype Genotype What are the five assumptions of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium What is the artificial selection What is sexual selection and how does it affect evolution What is the definition of a species What are the ecological and evolutionary species concept How does the biological species concept define a species What are the limitations How can you identify a sister group on a phylogenetic tree What is a synapomorphy What is radioactive dating What are the characteristics of the primates
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