I II III Fungi Characteristics A heterotrophs 1 secrete digestive enzymes into their food source 2 absorb the externally digested food B multiple different cell types C chitin in cell walls D undergo nuclear mitosis Biology of Fungi A hyphae 1 multicellular fungi 2 long thin filaments 3 some are continuous some are divided by a septum B mycelium 1 group of connected hyphae C cell wall 1 chitin and other polysaccharides cross linked with proteins D nuclei 1 one monokaryotic 2 two dikaryotic 3 heterokaryotic a nuclei are genetically distinct individuals 4 homokaryotic a nuclei are genetically similar 5 nuclear mitosis a spindle plaques form spindle apparatus within the nucleus E reproduction 1 spores a most common form of reproduction b can be formed through sexual or asexual processes c can be dispersed by wind insects or small animals d chytridiomycota blastocladiomycota and neocallimastigomycota contain flagella resulting in motile zoospores 2 asexual 3 sexual a involves the fusion of two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types b sometimes immediately results in a diploid 2n cell c sometimes involves a dikaryotic n n stage before a diploid nucleus is formed Fungi Classifications A Ascomycota B Basidiomycota C Blastocladiomycota D Chytridiomycota E Glomeromycota IV V VI VII F Microsporidia G Neocallimastigomycota H Zygomycota Ascomycota A make up 75 of known fungi 1 bread yeasts common molds cup fungi morels and many plant pathogens B named after sexual reproductive structure sac like ascus 1 ascii form within the ascocarp a karyogamy occurs within the asci 2 produce eight haploid ascospores C asexual reproduction occurs through conidia formed at the ends of modified hyphae called conidiophores D yeasts 1 unicellular 2 reproduce through budding 3 can ferment carbohydrates 4 Saccharomyces cerevisiae used to make beer and wine E molds 1 penicillium 2 aspergillus Basidiomycota A include most of the familiar fungi 1 mushrooms puffballs jelly fungi shelf fungi and plant pathogens such as rust and smuts B named after sexual reproductive structure club shaped basidium 1 karyogamy occurs within basidia 2 meiosis 3 four haploid products become basidiospores 4 produces monokaryotic hyphae which grow into monokaryotic mycelium or primary mycelium 5 different hyphae may fuse to form secondary mycelium 6 basidiocarps are formed entirely of secondary mycelium Blastocladiomycota A motile zoospores B Allomyces 1 water mold 2 haplodiplontic life cycle 3 female gametes secrete pheromones 4 huge mitochondria in zoospores Chytridiomycota Chytrids A aquatic B contain flagella C motile zoospores VIII D Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 1 linked to amphibian die offs Glomeromycota A form intracellular associations with plant roots called arbuscular mycorrhizae 1 cannot survive without host plant B no evidence of sexual reproduction IX Microsporidia X XI XII A intracellular animal parasites B do not have mitochondria C previously classified as protists D Encephalitozoon cuniculi 1 can cause disease in people with weakened immune systems 2 infect hosts with spores 3 infects intestinal cells and neurons Neocallimastigomycota A anaerobic B live in rumens of mammalian herbivores 1 break down cellulose and lignin C zoospores have multiple flagella D can be used to produce ethanol from cellulose 1 horizontal gene transfer E mitochondria lack cristae Zygomycota A not monophyletic very diverse B common bread molds and some human pathogens C sexual reproduction 1 begins with fusion of gametangia a a zygosporangium forms which then forms a diploid zygospore 2 meiosis occurs during germination of zygospore 3 lack septa in hyphae except during reproduction 4 occurs when stress is placed on species D asexual reproduction 1 occurs more frequently 2 hyphae produce clumps called sporangiophores Ecology of Fungi A decomposers B form symbioses with multiple various organisms 1 obligate symbiosis a necessary for a fungus to survive 2 facultative symbiosis a not necessary for a fungus to survive 3 pathogenic or parasitic a fungus benefits host is harmed 4 commensal a fungus benefits host is neither helped nor harmed 5 mutualistic a fungus and host both benefit A endophytic fungi 1 live in the intracellular places inside plants B lichens 1 symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner C mycorrhizae 1 mutualistic relationship between fungi and a plant 2 on 90 of all vascular plant roots 3 arbuscular mycorrhizae a hyphae penetrate root cell wall b 70 of all species c glomeromycetes 4 ectomycorrhizae a hyphae surround but do not penetrate root cell wall b most hosts are forest plants c basidiomycetes and ascomycetes D symbiosis with animals 1 leaf cutter ants 2 ruminant animals E parasites and pathogens 1 Fusarium spp a vomitoxin 2 Aspergillus flavus a aflatoxin 3 Candida spp a thrush b vaginal irritations 4 Pneumocystis jiroveci a pneumonia