I II III IV Kingdom Viridiplantae A includes land plants and green algae B two major clades 1 chlorophytes a aquatic 2 charophytes a terrestrial 1 moved back into freshwater b sister clade to land plants Land Plant Evolutionary Changes A multicellular haploid and diploid stages B diploid embryo protection C smaller haploid stage D protection from desiccation by a waxy cuticle and stomata E evolution of leaves to increase photosynthetic surface area F shift to a dominant vertical diploid generation sporophyte G vascular tissues to carry water within the plant body 1 tracheophytes have tracheids Land Plant Life Cycles A sporophyte diploid stage 1 spore mother cells sporocytes produce four haploid spores N by meiosis a takes place in the sporangia b spores develop into the first cells of the gametophyte generation 2 dominant stage of life cycle 3 sporophytes are nutritionally dependent B gametophyte haploid stage 1 spores produce gametophytes N by mitosis 2 gametophytes produce gametes N by mitosis 3 gametes fuse to form the diploid zygote a zygote develops into first cell of next sporophyte generation Bryophytes A closest living descendants of the first land plants B called nontracheophytes 1 lack tracheids but do have other vascular cells C sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on gametophyte D gametophytes are conspicuous and photosynthetic E sporophytes require water for sexual reproduction F three phyla 1 hepaticophyta liverworts a flattened gametophytes with liver like lobes b form gametangia in umbrella shaped structures c also undergo asexual reproduction 2 bryophyta mosses V VI VII a gametophytes consist of small leaf like structures around a stem like axis 1 no real leaves 2 anchored to substrate by rhizoids b multicellular gametangia form at the tips of gametophytes 1 archegonia are female gametangia 2 antheridia are male gametangia c flagellated sperm require water to swim to egg 3 anthocerotophyta hornworts a sporophyte has stomata b sporophyte is photosynthetic and is embedded in gametophyte tissue c cells have a single large chloroplast Tracheophytes A first tracheophyte land plants Cooksonia appeared around 420 MYA B phylum rhyniophyta C no roots or leaves D homosporous E highly resistant seeds F two types of tissue 1 xylem a carry water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots 2 phloem a conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plants 3 specialized vascular tissue allowed for increased size and height 4 land tracheophytes have a cuticle and stomata a natural selection favored higher stomata densities 5 vascular tissues develop in the sporophyte stage not gametophyte Lycophytes A club mosses B earliest tracheophyte plants C sporophyte is dominant Pterophytes A contain archegonia and antheridia B require free water for flagellated sperm C ferns 1 most abundant group of seedless vascular plants 2 conspicuous sporophyte and much smaller gametophyte are both photosynthetic 3 gametophyte lacks vascular tissue 4 sporophytes have rhizomes 6 fronds leaves are tight coils a unroll and expand 6 life cycle a produce sporangia in clusters called sori on the back of fronds b diploid spore mother cells produce haploid spores by meiosis c mature spores are catapulted by snapping action d spores germinate into gametophyte e flagellated sperm a greater independence and dominance of sporophyte than moss life cycle D horsetails 1 homosporous 2 all in genus Equisetum 3 sporophyte have photosynthetic stems that arise from branching rhizomes with roots at nodes 4 silica deposits in cells E whisk ferns 1 sporophytes have forking stems without true leaves or roots 2 gametophytes develop vascular tissue in one species
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