Kingdom ProtistaA very large and diverse group - comprising at least 16 phlyaA paraphyletic group - it does not contain all of the descendantsof the common ancestor of this group - some descendants aremulticellular - the fungi, plants, and animalsMany of the protists groups did not give rise to multicellularorganisms - at least 13 phyla have have remained single celledCurrent classification is changing and likely to change greatly inthe near future.Sixteen Phyla comprise the Kingdom Protistaclassically grouped into 5 informal groups based on mobility andnutrition - differs from evolutionary estimates of relatednessProtistan DiversityThe Cell SurfaceAmoebas lack a cell wallAlgae and slime molds encased in strong cell wallsDiatoms and Foraminiferans have shells of silica, calcium, debrisLocomotor OrganellesMany move by flagellar motions, or ciliary action, pseudopodialmovement - many are immobileNutritionPhototrophs and Heterotrophs (phagotrophs (ingesters) and saprobes)ReproductionAsexual reproduction by mitosis, fission, budding, sporesSex by gametic meiosis, zygotic meiosis, or sporic meiosisThe Sarcodines - all can have pseudopodiaPhylum Rhizopoda - the amoebasPhylum Actinopoda - actinopods, heliozoansPhylum Foraminifera - foramsPhylum Rhizopoda - the amoebasHeterotrophicFresh and salt water, abundant in soil, some parasitize animalsReproduction by simple mitotic fissionNo cell walls, flagella, sexual reproductionLocomotion via pseudopodiaPseudopodia also used for prey captureParasitic species may form resistant cystsEntamoeba histolytica : Causes amoebic dysenteryCysts resist digestion by hostCarriers exhibit no symptoms but can spread cystsSpread through fecal contamination in food or watermay be dispersed by fliesPhylum Actinopodia - Actinopods -silica (glass) skeletons covering most of cellwith many thin needlelike pseudopods thatproject through poresPhylum Foraminifera - ForamsHeterotrophic, marine organismsPossess pore-studded shells called tests tests: organic matter reinforced with inorganicusually multichambered, often spiral shapedmaterial: often calcium carbonate, can use sand grains, echinoderm plates, sponge spiculesPodia extrude through pores in test - used for swimming, gathering material for test, feedingWhite Cliffs ofDover - chalkformed fromdeposited foramsAlgae and other photosynthetic protistsPhylum Chlorophyta - green algaePhylum Rhodophyta - red algaePhylum Pheophyta - brown algaePhylum Chrysophyta - golden algaeand diatomsPhylum Pyrrophyta - dinoflagellatesPhylum Euglenophyta - euglenoidsPhylum Chlorophyta: Green AlgaeAncestors of all plants were multicellular green algaegreen algae and plants use chlorophylls a and b, carotenoidsfound in aquatic and semiterrestrial habitatsUnicellular and multicellular formsChlamydomonas is atypical unicellular formbiflagellatedlight sensitive eye-spotzygotic meiosis withzygospore resting stageSome green algae are motile andcolonial like VolvoxSpecialized reproductive cells give riseto new colonies within the parentcolonyHas zygotic meiosis and zygosporesform within a parent colony.Some green algae arefilamentous - like Spirogyranamed for its spiral chloroplastsSex is through conjugationof cells from + and - strainsSome green algae, like Ulva, formmulticellular sheets and have sporicmeiosisExcept for their ploidy,the gametophytes andsporophytes are verysimilarEconomic importanceSome make sulfated polysaccharides like agar and carrageenanAgar used as laboratory medium, a base for cosmetics, used inbaked goods and as a temporary preservative for meat and fishCarrageenan used in paints, cosmetics and ice creamPhylum Rhodophyta - Red AlgaeMost common coastal seaweeds - mostly multicellular, common inwarm watersChloroplasts have Chlorophyll a and phycobilins, like cyanobacteriaAbsorb green, violet and blue lightGrow at greater depths than other algaehave sporic meiosisCompletely lack flagellaBody composed of interwoven filamentsAn ancient group of eukaryotesPhylum Phaeophyta - Brown AlgaeMostly multicellular and marineConspicuous seaweeds, include kelps and SargassumUse chlorophylls a and c (like diatoms)Photosynthetically productive - fast growingProvide food for many animalsSome kelps grow up to 100 meters in lengthHave sporic meiosissporophyte: large, conspicuous kelp-like formgametophyte: small, filamentous formseparate male and female gametophytesUse chlorophylls a and c, and carotenoidsfossilize well - thick sediments of fossil diatoms are called “diatomaceous earth”Some move by secretions from shellAsexual reproduction separates shell halveseach half produces new shell within oldone - become smaller with each divisionHave gametic meiosis - cells are diploid and produce sperm or eggs by meiosisPhylum Chrysophyta - Diatoms and Golden AlgaeDiatoms are photosynthetic, unicellular organismsDouble shells of silica - Resemble box with lidGolden Algae - use yellow and brown carotenoid pigments, andxanthophyll accessory pigmentsUnicellular, two flagella, often colonial, common in freshwaterForm resistant cysts when ponds dry out in summerReproduce primarily asexually by longitudinal cell division withnuclear mitosis - like fungiPhylum Pyrrhophyta - DinoflagellatesUnicellular, photosynthetic, mostly marine, some bioluminescentDistinctive flagella and coattwo flagella beat in groovescoat composed of cellulose platesMost use chlorophyll a & c and carotenoidsSome are symbiotic with animalssea anemones, mollusks and coralsin corals - called “zooxanthellae”,required for formation of coral reefsSome forms cause “red tide”large blooms result in red colored waterrelease toxins that kill fish and shellfishconsumption of poisoned fish can killPhylum Euglenophyta - EuglenoidsMostly fresh water organismsGroup has characteristics of plants and animalsSome specimens are photosyntheticuse chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoidsOthers lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophicSome can transform from autotrophs to heterotrophs and back, depending on presence of light and foodReproduction via nuclear mitosis and cell divisionNo sexual reproduction knownhave two flagella - both with bases in reservoir -one is very smallContractile vacuoles collectand pump out excess water at reservoirhave light sensitive stigmaparamylon granules are for food storageEuglena is typicalThin flexible pellicle lies within cell membrane - composed ofinterlocking strips of proteinHeterotrophs with flagella or cilia -Phylum Sarcomastigophora -