Friday February 19 2016 Cog Psych Test 2 Chapter 4 Working Memory Memory retention of information over time Three Different Aspects encoding paying attention storage retrieval keeping information recalling information Traditional view short term memory long term memory Sensory Memory brief memory for material that you are currently processing keeps information active and accessible memory for experiences information that have accumulated during your life extremely brief sensory activation much sensory input never enters conscious processing types of sensory memory iconic memory visual echoic memory auditory repetition strategy that maintains information in short term working memory Rehearsal 1 Friday February 19 2016 without rehearsal items are quickly forgotten Short term memory Capacity the capacity of short term memory is typically limited to 7 2 items in the absence of rehearsal pure capacity is probably closer to 3 5 items Long Term Memory memory for experiences information accumulated over your lifetime large capacity anything other than what we are currently processing in STM or working memory keep in mind LTM does not mean it has to be a long time ago Evidence fo STM LTM Serial Position Effect position in the list primacy effect better recall for items at the beginning of list more rehearsal stored in LTM menus recency effect better recall for items at end of list still in WM with less interference Limitations with Atkinson and Shiffrin sensory memory a part of perception rather than actual memory Baddely and Hitch thought that STM would have to be used for reasoning comprehension thinking new ideas of STM digit span is not everything to STM think of a working memory a temporary mental workspace 2 Friday February 19 2016 Short Term vs Working Memory often used interchangeably but not quite the same ex short term memory memory span digit span working memory memory span complex span tasks often more interesting very predictive of other cognitive abilities intelligence problem solving etc The Turn to Working Memory working memory approach our immediate memory is a multipart system that temporarily holds and manipulates information while we perform cognitive tasks central executive integrates information from the phonological loop the the visuospatial sketchpad the episodic buffer and long term memory plays a role in focusing attention selecting strategies transforming information and coordinating behavior suppressing irrelevant information characteristics plans and coordinates but does not store information executive supervisor decides which issues deserve attention selects a strategy decided how to tackle a problem limited ability to perform simultaneous tasks BOSS OF WORKING MEMORY recent views 3 in the executer attention network seems to have a lot in common with the Friday February 19 2016 central executive strong correlation between working memory tasks and tasks used by cognitive neuroscientists to study the prefrontal executive attention network visuospatial sketchpad processes both visual spatial information AKA visuospatial working memory short term visual memory Baddley and Hitch people can work simultaneously on one phonological task rehearsing the digits and visuospatial task making judgment about the spatial location of letter even if the number of digits 3 vs 7 increased it still doesn t matter allows you to store visual appearance and relative position store visual information encoded from verbal stimuli episodic buffer temporary storehouse that can hold and combine information from the phonological loop the visuospatial sketch integrates information from different modalities manipulates information for interpretation important for solving problems arithmetic sentence comprehension remembering information phonological loop processes a limited number of sounds for a short period of time 4 Friday February 19 2016 also active during subvocal rehearsal process subvocalization repeat to self underlies performance on digit span acoustic confusions make fewer errors when the letter do not sound similar relative to when they do converted visual letter to a sound based code working memory as the gateway to long term memory using phonological loop during self instruction learning new words in your rst language producing new language mathematical calculations and problem solving tasks Working memory and academic performance scores on working memory tasks are correlated with overall intelligence and grades in school scores on tests of working memory especially with phonological loop are usually correlated with reading ability scores on central executive tasks are correlated with verbal uency reading comprehension reasoning ability and note taking skills Working memory abilities in clinical populations Christopher and McDonalds The participants with depression showed poor performance not clear why generally people with depression reported dif culty concentrating and ruminative style everything is my fault People with ADD of ADHD often have more dif culty than other on central executive tasks 5 Friday February 19 2016 Chapter 5 Long Term Memory Long Term Memory memory for experiences and information accumulates over your lifetimes anything other than what we are currently processing LTM does not mean it has to be a long time ago LTM can be broken down further explicit semantic episodic implicit procedural priming condition habituation Encoding in LTM Levels of Processing Visual what something looks like is the word in capital letters Acoustic what something sounds like does the word rhyme with MAT Semantic what something means deeper processes Encoding Speci city recall is better if the retrieval context is similar to the encoding context applies to physical contexts 6 Friday February 19 2016 mental states Godden Baddelely participants divers asked to learn words then recall them two learning conditions ground dry vs under water wet two recall conditions ground dry vs under water wet Physical Context Mental States Smith 1979 Ps learn words in distinct room tested 1 of 3 conditions same context different context different context but imagine encoding context recall is better if the retrieval context is similar to the encoding context Encoding Speci city applies to physical contexts mental states Explicit Memory semantic episodic 7 EM memories we retrieve intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness organized knowledge about the world including your knowledge
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