Biology 112 Practical Review Exercise 9 Deuterostomes A Intro a Deuterostome development results from mesodermal out pocketing of the primitive gut or archentron enterocoelous and is found in echinoderms and chordates vs Protostomes development results from the splitting of the mesoderm schizocoelous coelom determinate daughter cells are fated to produce specific body parts i Deuterostome embryological cell division is indeterminate stem cells protostome ii Deuterostome radial cleavage protostome spiral cleavage iii Deuterostome blastopore anus protostome blastopore mouth B Phylum Echinodermata Sea Stars and Relatives a Slow moving or sessile marine animals spiny protective skin a water vascular system and a skeleton composed of calcite plates i water vascular system tube feet are projected and used for locomotion feeding and ii There are SIX classes of Echinoderms but we studied FIVE respiration Class Asteroidea sea stars Ophiuroidea brittle stars Echinoidea sand dollars and sea urchins Holothuroidea sea cucumbers Crinoidea sea lilies Description Star shaped 5 arms ventral mouth dorsal anus tube feet w suckers Central disk long flexible arms tube feet w out suckers Unevenly spherical or disk shaped no arms 5 rows tube feet Aristotle s lantern rings mouth Cucumber shape no arms 5 rows tube feet plus modified tube feet act as feeding tentacles no spines reduced skeleton Sessile feathered arms surrounding dorsal mouth suspension feeders C Phylum Chordata Invertebrate Tunicates and Lancelets contains two groups of invertebrates and vertebrates a All exhibit 5 plesiomorphic traits during embryological development i Notochord ii Dorsal hollow nerve chord iii Pharyngeal slits iv Post anal tail v Endostyle thyroid gland i Cephalochordata sea lancelets Adult has all five characters undulating swimming 13 sets ii Urochordata tunicates sea squirts larvae has all four characters 9 sets of HOX genes vs 13 HOX genes sets I other chordates 4 sets lost in secondary development Invertebrate Chordates b c Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata i Agnathans Cyclostomes Jawless vertebrates 1 Myxini hagfish no jaw skull 13 sets of hox genes neural crest extensive organ 2 Petromyzontida lamprey no jaw larva resembles lancelet cartilaginous skeleton development two chambered heart red blood cells hemoglobin notochord is primary support rudimentary vertebrae Includes sharks skates rays Jaws paired fins and cartilaginous skeletons many have mineralized skeletons ii Class Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fishes iii Class Osteichthyes Bony fishes a Ray finned fishes majority of the bony fishes and by extension most vertebrate 1 2 1 Actinopterygii species 2 Sarcopterygii a Fleshy paired fins with skeletal elements and musculature extending into the axis of the fins bones to tetrapods i Coelacanthiformes ii Dipnoi iv Amphibians frogs and salamanders regulators 1 Respire across moist skin cutaneous respiration lungs used seasonally and as buoyancy v amniotes mammals and reptiles and birds moist eggs are laid in ponds and fertilized externally 2 Require wet environments for reproduction eggs are NOT amniotic and must be kept 3 Skin has alpha keratin which provides some protection against desiccation 1 Amniotic egg eliminates need for wet environment for reproduction 2 Specialized membranes function in gas exchange waste storage and stored nutrient transfer to the embryo amnion protective membrane filled with amniotic fluid that protects the embryo allantois provides gas diffusion and waste removal embryo nourished by proteins and fats in the yolk sac chorion encloses the embryo and inner membranes Exercise 10 Cardiopulmonary Function A Mammalian lung a Advantages to living on land i Air has a higher concentration of oxygen than water and a faster rate of diffusion ii Respiratory surfaces exposed to air do not have to be ventilated as thoroughly as gills iii Terrestrial vertebrates require less energy to breathe Since air is lighter than water less air must iv 1 disadvantage respiratory surfaces must be large and continuously moist for gas exchange to v nostril pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lung bronchioles alveoli be taken in to obtain an equal amount of oxygen occur B Mammalian heart oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circuit a Pulmonary artery carries oxygen poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs while the aorta carries b Bring blood to the heart superior vena cava inferior vena cava and the pulmonary veins c Right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium left ventricle aorta body vena cava C Transport medium transport medium is needed to carry dissolved gases nutrients wastes and other metabolic products In vertebrates this is blood in invertebrates hemolymph D Lung capacity E Electrical Activity of the Heart thrombocytes stop bleeding clot the wound a Blood plasma contains red blood cells erythrocytes white blood cells leukocytes and platelets i Erythrocytes comprise the bulk of the cells in the blood plasma contain respiratory pigment ii Blood cell types to know red blood cell erythrocyte monocyte eosinophil platelets hemoglobin which binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide neutrophil lymphocyte a At rest a person moves about 500 mL of air in a normal breath This tidal volume TV represents 10 of total lung capacity Inspiratory reserve IRV is about 3000 mL i e maximum inhale before plunging into water amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled is the expiratory reserve volume ERV which averages about 1 3 of the IRV IRV TV ERV Vital Capacity who do not share similar sized thoracic cavities or lung sizes i ii V C differs between genders age groups physical condition and among people of various sizes a Heart muscle cells are independent of the nervous system the pacemaker or sinoatrial SA node is located in the right atrium and control heart rhythm A cardiac cycle begin with an excitation wave that spreads from the SA node through the atria triggering atrial contraction systole When the wave reaches the atrioventricular AV node it passes to the branching bundle of His which carries it to the ventricles via the Purkinje fibers b Electrocardiogram ECG EKG represents the electrical activity of the heart it plots the sequential events of excitation and recovery of the heartbeat The ECG EKG has a standard series of peaks representing the stages in the cardiac cycle i P wave the electrical activity associated with the spread of the depolarization
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