BIOL 112 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 15 21 Lecture 15 March 18 Introduction to the Digestive System 1 question Cells Tissue Organ Organ System Tissue a group of cells with common structure function made up of the same differentiated type Organ specific collection or grouping of different tissues the whole having some specific function ex skin Organ System collection of different organs with specific overall function to body Different types of tissue Epithelial Tissue make up digestive system various types stratified squamous cuboidal simple columnar simple squamous pseudo stratified columnar apical surface is on the outside basal faces another type of tissue on the inside Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue fibrous connective tissue adipose tissue cartilage these tissues hold parts of the body together Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle voluntary muscles smooth muscle organs cardiac muscle heart how the animal moves around The Digestive System 9 questions Four Major Functions Processing food Digestion Breaking of each of the macromolecule types into monomers we cannot absorb polymers they are too big Hydrolysis Catabolic Reaction Polysaccharides simple sugars Proteins amino acids Lipids fatty acids and glycerol Nucleic acids nucleotides Absorbs organic nutrients that are produced from processing the food Absorption of electrolytes Absorption of water Digestion went from intracellular in primitive organisms to extracellular in advanced organisms Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Intestines Anus If you were to take out your entire digestive system it would be approximately 5 times your height Absorption In advanced animals there is no phagocytosis in digestion all absorption then must be with monomers across the plasma membrane passive diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport Total absorptive area of small intestine is about the size of a tennis court These thin gs increase surface area for absorption Circular Folds inner face of intestine Villi on folds smaller finger like projection of tissue Microvilli brush border Lecture 16 March 20 Significance of Liver 1st major organ for blood and lymph coming from intestines Hepatic Portal Shunt Blood from the intestines goes through the liver before it goes to the rest of the body liver acts as a filter and a buffer Liver controls nutrient concentrations in blood also detoxifies blood from intestines takes out things that are not healthy and destroys them to regulate blood stream Caecum In humans this includes the appendix Blind pouch in some animals this is a fermentation site for symbiotic bacteria and protists digesting cellulose Colon Chyme coated with thick mucus Salts removed by active transport through intestinal wall sent to blood Water is removed osmotically when salts are transported out About 90 of water is removed Removal of water coupled with peristaltic movements that pack chyme into a compact mass feces About 30 of feces is dead bacteria Feces propelled to rectum Anus is final sphincter The Circulatory System 22 Questions Circulatory System functions Biggest function transport of materials throughout body Gas Exchange Transports gasses exchanged for respiration Nutrients Materials picked up by digestive system are distributed throughout body Wastes Products to be removed by excretory system Hormones Communication and control throughout body Body Defenses Inflammatory Immune Systems Types of Circulatory Systems Open Circulation arthropods molluscs Blood is not completely enclosed in vessels throughout circuit to from heart Blood empties into sacs called sinuses which surround many major organs Closed Circulation annelids chordates us Blood is contained entirely in vessels in circuit to from heart Regarded as more efficient because higher blood pressure is maintained in circuit Components of Circulation System Human heart right left atrium right left ventricle Between each atrium and ventricle valves permits one way flow of blood from each atrium into each ventricle only Atrioventricular Valves Left Mitral Valve Right Tricuspid Valve Between each ventricle and blood vessel Semilunar Valves Heartbeat thub lub Thub AV valves snap shut after atria contract Lub Semilunar valves snap shut after ventricles contract Lecture 17 March 25 Blood Vessels Artery Multilayered tube lumen endothelium smooth muscles connective tissue epithelium thicker and much more muscle than a vein carry blood away from heart Vein Multilayered tube lumen endothelium smooth muscles connective tissue epithelium Distinguish arteries and veins Structural Artery thicker walls more muscle than vein veins have valves arteries do not Functional Artery carries blood away from heart vein always carries blood towards heart Capillaries Between arteries and veins in circulation cycle Only one cell layer thick endothelium cells All exchanges occur through endothelial cells of capillaries Exchanges involve diffusion active transport and or endo exocytosis through endothelial cells Lymphatic System collect excess fluids from intercellular spaces of tissues lymph normally no blood cells in this Also colonies of lymphatic immune cells in walls of intestines Peyer s Patches Immune surveillance of digestive organs Lymph Nodes filter lymph as it professes through vessels towards upper torso of body major immune surveillance posts remove bacteria fungi debris Lymph vessels collect and eventually return lymph to blood circulation at major connection site thoracic duct Failure of Lymphatic Return Elephantiasis caused by tiny parasitic roundworms lodging in lymph nodes and plugging up lymph system no lymph flow leads to accumulation of lymph fluids in area normally drained by a part of lymph system leads to gross swelling of leg or arm or scrotum Cancer Metastasis spread of cancer cells throughout body lymph nodes do not filter out cancer cells because they are not recognized as being foreign even through they are cancer cells use lymph system as vehicle for spreading throughout the body Human Circulation Pulmonary Circuit Right atrium Right Ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein Systemic Circuit Left atrium left ventricle aorta system vena cava Heart is a double pump system with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits each driven by a separate pair of heart chambers Double circulation essential to support high metabolism in animals The Heartbeat Pacemakers In an intact heart coordination of contractions leading to efficient pumping is controlled by