BIOL 112 1st Edition Lec-ture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Blood Vessels as TubesII. Lymphatic SystemIII. Human Circulation MapIV. Pumping Function of HeartV. Fetal CirculationOutline of Current LectureVI. Shift at BirthVII. Pathologies/DefectsVIII. BloodCurrent LectureI. Shift at Birth•At birth, the lungs inflate, and vascular flow through the lungs in-crease several folds in a few seconds. Blood pressure in the pul-monary circuit drops drastically•Consequences:•Foramen ovale snaps shut & blood no longer flows between the atria•Ductus arteriosus pinches shut & blood flow between pulmonary artery and aorta no longer possible•Microcirculation in placenta shuts down, so eventually dies and falls ofThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Pathologies/Defects•Patent Ductus Arteriosus: seen inabout 8/1000 births; ductus doesn’tclose•Blood in aorta moves into pul-monary artery instead. Aorta canlose 50-75% of blood volume nor-mally sent to systemic circulation. •This does NOT produce cyanosis (the baby does not turn blue)•Heart has to work 2-4 times harder just for normal circulation; heart and lungs carry excessive load and are progressively worn out•Life expectancy is shorter: 20-40 years•Characteristic sound in chest: “machinery murmur,” buzzing of blood moving through ductus•Sometimes self-correcting occurs in the first few months, but a surgical fix is simple•Tetralogy of Fallot•Fortunately rare (~5/10,000 births)•heart severely malformed - opening of aorta too far to the right, septum between ventricles not complete, the pulmonary artery is too small, and the right ventricle walls too thick.•Blood doesn’t get enough Oxygen — takes on a purplish cast in-stead of a bright red. Blueish color to skin: cyanosis (“blue baby”). Trying to run mammalian metabolism on basically a frog/reptile heart.•Untreated life expectancy is 1-10 years old.•Correction is not simple. Must surgically reconstruct heart: reposi-tion of pulmonary and aortal openings, and build septum.•If successful (<5% success rate), life expectancy increases 50+ years with complications for the rest of lifeIII. Blood•Plasma (Matrix) ~55-60% of volume•Extremely complex solution:90% water, 1-3% nutrients (sug-ars, amino acids, lipids), 0.9%electrolytes, 7-9% proteins(blood clotting proteins, immuneproteins)•Plasma has an unusual feature: itcan quickly convert from liquid tosolid — it can clot•Clotting involves a complex chain reaction of various protein compo-nents of plasma (thromboplastins) which is started by exposure of plasma to either collagen or sub-stances released by injured cells.•Active fibrin is a sticky, fibrous pro-tein that forms elaborate mesh-works of materials —> a clot.•Plasma - clotting proteins = serum•Blood Cells ~ 40% of total blood volume•most of these cells are produced from stem cells in bone marrow•Erythrocytes - Red blood cells. account for 99.9% of all cells. 0.0077 mm in diameter. Contain highly condensed array of hemo-globin•Cells have ~120 day life-span; when “old”, they are eaten by phagocytic cells in liver and spleen•Leukocytes - White blood cells. don’t carry the hemoglobin. ac-count for 0.1% of all cells. 5,000 - 10,000/mm^3. Most are in-volved in body defenses against diseases, several types with dif-ferent functions.•Thrombocytes - Platelets, 250-400 x 10^3/mm^3, very small cells, very fragile, can initiate the clotting reaction, formed in bonemarrow from megakaryotcytes.•Diapedesis (Extravasation) - Basis for inflammatory