BIOL 112 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. What Do We See in Fossils?II. Anatomical EvidenceIII. Interpretation of HomologyIV.Vestigial OrgansV. EmbryologyA. What does it mean?VI.Molecular HomologiesVII. InterpretationsA. Theories of EvolutionVIII. St. Augustine of HippoA. Problems with Augustine ModelIX.The EnlightenmentX. Jean Baptiste LamarckA. Examples of Lamarck’s ModelB. Tests of Lamarck’s ModelXI.Charles Darwin (1809-1882)Current LectureXII. Voyage of the H.M.S. BeagleA. ObservationsXIII. Post VoyageXIV. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XV. Factors that Influenced DarwinXVI. Darwin’s Thinking ProcessA. Three ObservationsB. Two ConclusionsXVII. What we Know NowXVIII. Darwinian EvolutionXIX. Tests of Darwin’s TheoryXX. Moth SelectionXXI. Selection in Action — PenicillinXXII. Natural Selection in ActionXXIII. SphecomyrmaXXIV. TiktaalikXXV. ArcheopteryxXXVI. Other PhenomenaA. Moth-Bee MimicryB. Müllerian MimicryXXVII. Status of Darwin’s TheoryCurrent LectureI. Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle•Major discovery and mapping expedition of South America. Similar to moon exploration now. Scientific work of the highest quality. Lasted 5 years.•Headed by Capt. Robert FitzRoy (1805-1865)•Youngest Captain in the British Navy at the time•Excellent mariner, administrator, navigator•Later Governor of New Zealand Colony for 2 years; eventually pro-moted to Admiral•Methodical, careful scientist: reputation as a surveyor, navigator, meteorologist•Moody, depressed man -- later committed suicide•Darwin was also to be a "gentleman companion" to FitzRoy: someone in the same social class to talk to. Both were educated, upper middle-class gentlemen•Both lived in the same 9' x 12' cabin, with a mass of scientific instru-ments, clocks, and books•Frequent trouble: FitzRoy had a temper•Darwin and FitzRoy had divergent political and religious views. Dis-cussions turned into debates and debates sometimes turned into quar-rels•Frequent debates and arguments forced Darwin to think through his ideas and justify his own views•Darwin collected animals, plants, rocks, fossils all along coast. Ob-served cultures and activities of peoples along coast. Sent specimens and reports home -- winning him a growing reputation as a good sci-entistA. Observations•Galápagos Islands - 800 mi.west of Ecuador. Chain ofvolcanic islands, each about20-50 mi. from the others.Strange collection of crea-tures there:•Darwin's Finches - 13species distributed amongvarious specific islands. Allsimilar, but all distinct insize and behavior, many do-ing things that finches don'tdo: carrion eaters, insecteaters, fruit, etc.•But only 1 species of finch throughout South American main-land: seed eater•This bothered Darwin -- why only 1 species on mainland, but 13 distinct species crammed on small islands? And why were island finches doing things that finches don't normally do?XIII. Post Voyage•1836 - Returned to Great Britain. Wrote his parts of a multi-volume Beagle voyage report. Elected Secretary of Royal Geological Society. Important and respected naturalist.•1838 - Married a cousin, but never did become a clergyman. Father gave up and gave him an endowment. Lived in Down House (16 mi. SE of London) for the rest of his life as a "gentleman scientist"•Was chronically ill much of the rest of his life•Kept very elaborate diaries and notebooks -- records of thoughts, ex-periments, observations, activities, so we can reconstruct what he was thinking about and when•Through late 1830s into 1840s, developed a radical theory of evolu-tion•1842 - summary of thoughts written in notebook•1844 - essay, never published, hesitated to publish anything about thisuntil he had accumulated "enough" evidence to support his theory•Waited for 20 years•Very active otherwise. Many books and papers: world expert on coral reef formation, barnacles, pigeon breeding, etc. Continued as Secre-tary of Royal Geological Society•Might never have published his theory except for the work of another scientist:XIV. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)•Wallace was a scientist and professional collector in a biological field station (research institute) in New Guinea in the 1850s•Had independently developed evolutionary theory nearly identical to that of Darwin•In 1858, he wrote a short paper on evolution and sent it to Darwin asking for help in getting it published•Darwin was going to publish Wallace's paper and give him full credit, but Darwin's friends persuaded him to publish a joint paper, co-au-thored with Wallace, on the theory in 1858.•1859 - Darwin assembled his 20 years of thinking and assembly of evi-dence in "an abbreviated work," The Origin of Species. First edition sold out in one day•Major paradigm: changed scientific opinions and started studies andexperimental investigations which continue todayXV. Factors that Influenced Darwin1. Lamarck: Evolution does occur, new species do appear in the his-tory of life. Organisms do change, and a theory describing the mechanism is possible.2. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Geologist developed Theory of Uniformi-tarianism. Geological activities seen today (slow erosion, mountain building) can explain major features. Planet is ancient. Lyell's work gave Darwin the geological time (slow geological evolution) within which slow biological evolution could occur3. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Gloomy mathematician, economist, clergyman. Wrote a book against social welfare programs in 1798; argued mathematically that populations always eventually exceed food supplies, so periodic famines are inevitable.4. Selective Animal/Plant Breeding: Darwin was a breeder of fancy pi-geons; corresponded with farmers and hobby breeders. Saw how di-verse plants and animals can be developed from an ancestor by highly selective breeding and how fast those changes can be achieved.XVI. Darwin’s Thinking Process•Observed changes: "descent with modification," (evolution). How?•All organisms are a little different from one another (variability in population)•Resources are limited for organisms (Malthus)•Therefore, not all organisms will succeed (and reproduce) in the com-petition for limited resources•Who reproduces better? Those organisms with variations giving them better abilities to compete for limited