o Pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the Ch 1 Definition of Development Characteristics of life span Perspective human life span o Life expectancy year can expect to live o Multidimensional The average number of year that a person born in a particular At every age change occurs at every dimension Biological physical growth and health issues major causes of death height and weight gain Brain growth and development Cognitive Refers to thought processes Attention memory language skills abstract thought and social intelligence Socio emotional Refers to emotions and how you read other people s emotions and how you read yourself o Plastic o Contextual Capable of change Everything occurs in context Normative age graded o Includes events similar because of your age o Normative typical for all people of the same age o Most people go to school at 5 and graduate highschool at 18 Normative history graded o Influences on you because of your history common to people of the same generation o Ex 9 11 pearl harbor JFK assassination Nonnormative life events o Non normative doesn t occur to everyone o Unusual occurrence that only occurs in your life o Ex mom dies when you are 11 years old Know areas of contemporary concerns in life span development Know periods of development Names of 8 periods and the age range each o Pg 6 covers o Prenatal period Conception to birth o Infancy Birth to 18 or 24 months o Early childhood End of infancy to age 5 or 6 o Middle and Late childhood Ages 6 to 11 o Adolescence Ages 10 or 12 to ending at 18 or 22 o Early Adulthood Late teens or early 20 s and lasting through the 30 s o Middle adulthood 40 to 60 o Late Adulthood 60 or 70 s till death Concept of age o Biological o Psychological o Chronological o Social How your body is handling life Muscle tone and fitness level Your adaptive capabilities compared to other people your age Ex Being able to feed dress and bathe yourself Actual age in days month and years What is going on in your life that causes you to be more or less mature compared to people your own age Ex difference in single mother going to college compared to just a college student with no family Why are older people reported to be happier than younger people o Children are gone less stress more time for enjoyable activities Development issues debate o Nature Genetic code vs nurture Environment and life experiences o Stability vs change Stability refers to the degree to which characteristic have persisted over time Believe that genetics is very important Ex Whatever temperament you are born with is stable throughout your life Change Something changes Feel that environment is very important o Continuity vs discontinuity Do you develop continuously or in rapid stages Historical theories of development Know introductory information on Pg 15 o Psychoanalytic Described development in terms of unconscious processes that are heavily color by emotion Freud Believed that most problems stem from early life and being trapped in one of the 5 psychosexual stages Oral Anal Phallic latency and genital Erickson Developed psychosocial stages o Cognitive Theories Stresses conscious thoughts Piaget Children go through stages of cognitive development as they construct their understanding of the world Sensorimotor stage Preoperational stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage Vygotsky Just like Piaget except gave social interaction and culture far more important roles in cognitive development o Behavioral Development can be described in terms of behaviors learned through interactions with our surroundings Skinner Operant conditioning Consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behaviors recurrence o Social Cognitive Holds that behavior environment and person cognitive factors are the key factors in development Bandura development o Ethological Focus on the biological and evolutionary basis of Lorenz Developed imprinting Bowlby Critical period if a kid has a good supportive foundation early in life he is going to develop properly o Ecological Stresses environmental factors concerning development Bronfenbrenner Development reflects the influence of several Difference between developmental systems o Descriptive collecting data to see what a behavior looks like o Correlational seeing if there is a relationship between 2 things o Experimental research Did event A cause event B Know terms o Socio Economic status Grouping people with similar occupations educations and economic characteristics o Longitudinal Over time changes o Cross sectional research design o Cohort effect Snapshot in time of different groups of people at different ages When you study people over a long period of time is related to their age Development effect or is it more impacted by something going on historically during some point in their life Ethics in research know terms o Informed consent All participants must know what their research participation will involve and what risks might develop o Confidentiality Researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely confidential and when possible completely anonymous After the study has been completed participants should be informed of its purpose and the methods that were used Telling the participants beforehand what the research study is about can alter the results American psychological association o Debriefing o Deception o APA Ch 2 What is evolutionary psychology o Emphases on the importance of adaptation reproduction and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior Terms o Chromosome Contain all the information to build a human 23 pairs in every cell except germ line cells Made up of genes o DNA o Genes Short segments of chromosomes o Mitosis Equal division used by regular cells o Meiosis Unequal division that only happens in germ line cells o Gametes Produced during meiosis Egg and sperm both have 23 unpaired chromosomes o Zygotes Fusion of 2 different gametes Contains 23 paired chromosomes from both the egg and the sperm o Genotype Actual genes o Phenotype Tangible results Know genetic principles of Dominant and Recessive genes and sex linked genes o Sex linked genes Diseases that are caused by defective genes carried on the X chromosome Usually expressed in males because they only have 1 copy of the X gene which is automatically expressed Chromosomal abnormalities Pg 41 o Down syndrome Extra chromosome usually on the 21 chromosome causes mild