04 28 2015 Chapter 12 Study Guide Sex and Gender Biological sex physical characteristics that define male and female Genetics XX female XY male Gender Role Norms expectations standards of what male females should be like Communality connectedness to others Agency individual action and achievement Gender Stereotypes overgeneralized and largely inaccurate beliefs about what males and females are like Gender differences or similarities Physical differences Height men generally taller by 33 Size differences Meta Analysis combines results from different individual studies to identify pattern among results Reasoning Aggression Social Relationship Sexuality Meta Analysis Conclusion More accurate to focus on how genders are similar than different Males and Females are more alike than different Biased Perceptions More likely to notice and remember behaviors that confirm stereotypical beliefs see women at accident and be like oh of course The Infant Differential Treatment adults start treating baby s differently based on their gender as soon as they re born boys blue girls pink Early Learning Looking preferences vary by gender 3 8mos boys spend more time looking at trucks girls spend more time looking at dolls Look longer at gender inconsistent activities 24mos boy putting on lipstick Gender identity individual s basic awareness that they are either male or female 2 3 yrs Self identity toy preference The Child Acquiring Gender Stereotypes Gender stereotypes acquired by age of 3 and increase into childhood Gender rigidity strict about gender stereotypes high rigidity before age 6 kids get really worked up when they see a male nurse women doctors etc Gender Type Behavior Gender Segregation interacting more with own sex than opposite sex Children who segregate are more popular those who don t are sometimes rejected There s a stronger pressure for boys to be playing with other boys The Adolescent Adhering to Gender Roles Gender intensification sex differences intensified in adolescence Increased pressure for peer conformity Later adolescence more flexible thinking people are individuals and don t have to adhere to specific stereotypes Explaining Gender Role Development 4 theories 1 Biosocial Theory Combo of biological and social Social influence and labeling them boy or girl right at birth Gender behavior through social interactions This theory how people interact with the baby boy baby girl People treat you differently depending on your gender 2 Social Learning Theory kids are going to be reinforced differently rewarded for sex appropriate behavior positive reaction when girls come in dressed as a princess and boy as a cop but weird neg reactions when boy wears princess and girl wears cop Different methods of discipline between boys and girls Boys more spanking but boys will be boys can be rough wrestle Girls disappointed when they misbehave more rules Observational Learning attitudes and behaviors from same sex role models Media books TV etc 3 Cognitive Development Theory Kohlberg Actively teach themselves to be boys girls Stage like changes Gender identity 2 3 yrs understand what they are label themselves Gender stability 3 4 yrs know that they will be stable over time wont change btw boy girl Gender Consistency 5 7 yrs stable gender over different situations 4 Gender Schema Theory Kids have some kind of schema for what boys and girls are The Adult Bem s Sex Role Inventory Sandra Bem 1974 Masculinity and Femininity are distinct Women and men could possess similar characteristics Masculine feminine undifferentiated or androgynous Androgynous combo of stereotypical feminine masculine traits The Adult Androgyny 1 3 androgynous 1 3 traditional gender roles Advantages highly adaptable adjust to demands Disadvantages rejection in childhood 04 28 2015 Chapter 13 Study Guide Social Cognition thinking about thoughts feelings motives and behaviors of the self and other people Theory of Mind understanding that people have mental states that guide their behavior False belief task assesses the understanding that people hold inaccurate beliefs that can influence their behavior ex Allie blue bowl red bowl Usually achieved by the age of 4 they understand that people can have different beliefs considered foundation for later social cognitive development Signs that Child has Theory of Mind Joint attentions imitation pretend play intention understanding emotional understanding deception evil monkey favorite sticker test Desire Psychology explain own and others behavior in terms of what they want 18mos ex broccoli and cracker test the infant can know that the experimenter can like broccoli even though they like crackers Belief Desire Psychology People behave a certain way because they desire things and believe their actions will help them fulfill their desires Table 13 1 Achievements with Age Birth to 2 joint attention understanding of intentions pretend play imitation emotional understanding Age 2 desire psychology Age 4 belief desire psychology Age 5 understanding of second order beliefs sarcasm different views of reality Nature s Contribution to Development of Theory of Mind People have inherent skills adaptive to functioning in a social group Requires biological maturation Nonhuman primates have basic theory of mind skills Mirror Neurons neurons that are activated both when we perform an action and when we observe someone else perform the same action helps with learning and imitation Nurture s Contribution to Development of Theory of Mind Requires interaction and environmental input Siblings sensitive parents who talk about mental states being sensitive to the kids and their state of mind require language Describing and Evaluating Others Preschool physical traits possessions activities don t see traits as permanent School age 7 8 describe people using their psychological traits friendly mean Later school age and adolescence 11 12 use psychological traits to explain why people behave the way they do ex Mike pulled the dog s tail because he is cruel Social Perspective Taking Skills the ability to adopt another s perspective hitting your brother and your parents asking you how you think your brother feels Essential in thinking about moral issues from a different viewpoint Improves if parents provide perspective talking examples Leads to positive peer relationships Social Cognition in Adulthood More gains than losses Social cognitive skills hold up well to age despite decline in fluid intelligence Declines