Chapter 4 Definition of emotion Feelings that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her especially his or her well being What emotions are expressed by infants Basic Appear at about 6 months of age o Surprise o Interest o Joy o Anger o Sadness o Fear o Disgust o Embrassesment o Shame o Guilt 2 types of smiles Self conscious Have to have a sense of self in order to have these kind of emotions o Reflexive smile A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli It appears during the first month after birth usually during sleep o Social smile A smile in response to an external stimuli which early in development typically is a face Terms o Stranger anxiety Fear of people they don t know appears around 6 months of age 9 months it is more intense and continues until the y are a year old o Separation protest Infant crying when their primary caregiver is gone Peaks around 15 month o Social referencing Involves reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation Temperament Know definition classification labels by Chess and Thomas Kagan and Rothbart and Bates o Chess and Thomas study Temperaments of infants Generally in a positive mood adapt easily to new Easy 40 situations Difficult 10 Basically the opposite of the easy child Showed more problems when they experienced low quality childcare Slow to warm up 15 Low activity level Low intensity of mood laid back 35 that did not clearly fit into the catergories o Kagan Inhibition to the unfamiliar Inhibited children react to many aspect of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance distress or subdued affect beginning around 7 to 9 months Bottom of page 106 o Rothbart and Bates Effortful control aka self regulation Kids with high effortful control can keep their arousal levels from getting too high and have strategies for soothing themselves Kids with low effortful control are often unable to control their arousal they are easily agitated and become intensely emotional What is Goodness of fit related to child s temperament and environment in home o Refers to the match between a child s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with Erikson What are first 2 stages of his theory during this age Birth up to 24 months old o Trust vs mistrust Birth to one year If an infant doesn t learn to trust someone in the first year than it will be very difficult for it to ever trust anyone Comes up at each stage of development o Autonomy vs shame and doubt 1 to 3 years Want to do things for themselves When you are impatient and when you do what the baby can do it creates shame and doubt in the baby Causes a lot more shame and doubt when you criticize babies for making mistakes How do children this age demonstrate a sense of self pg 108 o Looking at themselves in the mirror and seeing if they see themselves or another baby o Infants develop a sense of self recognition at approximately 18 months of age Know definition o Harlow s work Took very young rhesus away from mothers made fake mothers one with food and no fur and the other with fur but no food Monkeys have a preference for the ones with the fur on them regardless on who feed them Physical comfort and care were important similar to Erik Erikson s theories o Mary Ainsworth s types Strange situation Set up room with a 2 way mirror room was filled with toys used babies about 10 months of age what interaction do you see when you only have a mom and a baby And other situations 4 labels for types of attachment Securely attached Used mom as base of operations seemed a little distressed when mom left Would reestablish positive contact when the mother returned Insecure avoidant Showed little interaction with their caregiver didn t care if mom was gone or not Like they were avoiding the mom Insecure resistant Cling to the caregiver and would then push them away In the strange situation they cling anxiously to the caregiver and do not explore the room When the caregiver leaves they often cry loudly and push away if she tries to comfort them upon return Insecure disorganized Smallest percentage of infants history of abuse baby Seem to be disoriented and confused Show very strong patterns of avoiding the mother and fearful around the mother What is the relationship between caregiving styles and types of attachment as explained by Ainsworth Pg 115 o Caregiving style and type of attachment are usually linked Securely attached children have parents who are there Transition to parenthood What is the concept of reciprocal socialization o Parent socialize their children and children socialize their parents What are the difference in how mothers and fathers interact with their infants o Typically mothers spend more time with the babies and doing more of the caregiving o Both fathers do more of the playing What defines high quality child care o Caregivers encourage the children to be actively engaged in a variety of activities have frequent positive interactions that include smiling touching holding and speaking at the child s eye level respond properly to the child s questions or requests and encourage children to talk about their experiences feelings and ideas What are the primary types of child care in the US Pg 119 o Center based care The national longitudinal study of child care Pg 120 o Know mains points of Quality of care Only 12 of children experienced positive nonparental child care When they received high quality care children performed better Low income families experienced lower quality of childcare on cognitive and language tasks were more cooperative with peers and had fewer behavior problems o Amount of childcare Children who spent more than 30 hours a week in childcare their development was less than optimal o Family and parenting influences found in the study Family factor are stronger and more consistent predictors of a wide variety of child outcomes than are child care experiences Names o Erikson o Harlow o Ainsworth o Chess o Thomas o Kagan o Rothbart o Bates Chapter 5 Know overview of typical body growth brain growth and gross and fine motor development at this age Growth rate begins to slow down Average growth of 2 to 3 inches and 5 to 7 pounds per year Girls are still lighter and have less muscle and more fat than boys at this point in development Brain process quickly o Continual growth of dendrites More neural connections and pruning o Myelination continues Allows the brain to process information