COMM250 9 3 5 2012 Exam 1 Notes Dr Hubbard Fall 2012 COMMUNICATION DEFINED Why is it Important In communication there is no one definition of communication Problem If we can t define what we are studying then we do not have a credible field It is imperative that we have a definition so we know what we are studying o Especially in an academic discipline Issues in Defining Communication 1970 Frank Dance looked through Comm journals to define communication He came up with 126 different definitions Now in 2005 35 years later How many definitions do we have o We have many more because of advanced technology o Point we still have multiple definitions Should it be intentional Watzlawick Beavin Jackson 1967 They came up with the axiom you can not NOT communicate As long as some meaning was received the communication took place o Therefore it did not need to be intentional Should the message sent equal message received Does correspondence have to occur Some say yes some say no Correspondence and Intentional are mutually exclusive o Ex if a teacher hearing a stomach growl is considered communication then intention doesn t have to happen Successful Is communication only successful is we persuade effectively Should verbal and non verbal messages match For communication to occur does for example a frown indicating being mad have to correspond with the I m fine that is verbal Should it be ethical and honest Should only ethical and honest things be studied or should non ethical things be looked at too Should it include symbolic actions Some think signs an symptoms healthcare are important B c gestures words Should it include cognition thought and perception Is it communication or is it distinct B c it is internal Must it be human to human Does communication involve animals plants aliens etc People just study human communication but some argue animals count Defining Communication Communication class definition a process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment Process may imply a beginning and an end COMM250 Exam 1 Notes Dr Hubbard Fall 2012 Individuals people transforming internal thoughts to something others can understand Symbols words nonverbal etc Interpret our perception of the message this affects behavior success of message Meaning in environment Environment changes and symbols change with it o There are also relationship differences 9 10 2012 Models of Communication Linear Shannon Weaver 1949 Also called one way model Sender encodes message over channel to receiver who decodes o Sender has pure ideas feelings meanings that he she wants to convey o Encoding taking pure ideas thoughts and feelings in the mind of the sender and labeling them with symbols and organizing them in some way o Receiver decodes message interprets symbols to get message o Channel how we send receive messages o Decoding interpreting symbols and figuring out meaning Nothing is sent back returned Dealt mostly with public speaking Noise anything that interferes with the sending receiving of messages many types o Physical external any noise that is external to the participants o Semantic noise based on word meaning Ex using a word you do not know different languages slang etc o Psychological noise in the mind of sender and or receiver Ex a bias towards the speaker Internal and can apply to sender or receiver o Physiological created in the body Ex being sick or hungry having a hearing impairment etc Internal and can apply to sender or receiver Interactional Interactive Circular Schramm 1954 Adds feedback response to the sender allows sender to know the meaning that was received COMM250 Exam 1 Notes Dr Hubbard Fall 2012 Field of experience everything you bring to the communication situation sex religion culture age language etc o There must be an overlap in FOE in order for understanding to occur Example email letter walkie talkies etc Transactional Barnlund 1970 How communication is now viewed All communication takes place in a context environment Sender Receiver exchange messages at the same time o May change rules for communication but DOESN T change the process itself Example any conversations Contexts of Communication Intrapersonal on an individual level what goes on in our heads Role of Cognition Decision Making Attributions About Others Attributions About Self Persuasion Interpersonal communication that is geared toward the development establishment and maintaining of relationships COMM250 Exam 1 Notes Dr Hubbard Fall 2012 Organizational Communication taking place within an organization office Public Rhetoric in front of an audience public speech giving to big audiences Relationship Development Relationship Maintenance Relationship Dissolution Power and Control Attraction Leadership Problem Solving Communication Networks Power Norms Small Group Culture Power Moral Worker Satisfaction Hierarchy Productivity Aristotle o Ethos o Lagos o Pathos Speech and Text Criticism Communication Apprehension Mass Mediated has to do with Media Effects on Culture Between and among cultures Co cultures How culture affects communication Gender Interpersonal Public Health Risk Messages Diffusion Networks 9 12 2012 What is Theory Stephen Littlejohn Intercultural huge because of our global economy and diverse populace there is more opportunity to communicate with ppl interculturally Health Study communication in field of health PSAs truth campaign THEORY Any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon A concept is a label for something something you can define COMM250 Exam 1 Notes Dr Hubbard Fall 2012 o Example a romantic relationship o Represents things that happen in the real world Explanation some type of how or why Phenomenon communication behaviors According to Littlejohn does theory have to include an explanation NO but can CLASS DEFINITION b c it is a broader definition Mary John Smith A set of statements specifying an explanatory relationship between two or more classes of phenomenon explanation of the relationship between concepts just defining conceptually is not enough but a theory has to have an How it differs o Explanation element is essential Concepts classes of phenomenon Theory vs Taxonomy and Model Taxonomy a conceptual representation of categories of a phenomenon a categorizing scheme for different communications behaviors Turned strategies into a taxonomy by organizing and labeling them in some ways Common example genus phylum etc Ex Marwell Schmitt s
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