COMM250 Exam 1 Study Guide 02 28 2012 Chapter 1 Thinking About Communication Definitions Models Ethics Defining Communication o Difficult o Importance Communication Provide Focus o Definition To give credibility to the academic discipline of Process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment Key Terms in Communication Process Symbols Meaning o could be ongoing complex have many steps or pieces o Verbal nonverbal o Concrete represents an object o Abstract represents thought or idea o What people extract from a message interpret o Establishing meaning construct a desired message through the use of symbols Environment o Situation or context in which communication occurs o Elements include time place historical period relationship speaker s and listener s cultural backgrounds o Intentionality is all behavior communication o Messages sent unintentionally still fit the definition of communication o you cannot not communicate Palo Alto team from Stanford 1950s Broadened definition of communication making it virtually synonymous with behavior Models of Understanding Communication as Action Interaction and Transaction o Models Simplified representations of the communication process o Communication as Action Linear Model One Way Encoding The creation of the message Associated w sender Transferring thoughts feelings labeling them w symbols organizing them in a way to create the Created by sender meaning they are trying to get message Message across Channel o Means of sending the message o Acts as a mode of transportation o By the use of the 5 senses Decode Noise Receiver looks message looks true thoughts feelings of it to figure it out Anything that interferes w the sending or receiving of messages Physical external Anything outside the sender the receiver that can interfere w sending reception of messages Semantic Pertains to word meaning Jargon Slang Psychological One s own thoughts Physiological Having to do w the body Tired hungry sick disability o Communication as Interaction the Interactive Model Two Way View of communication as the sharing of meaning with feedback that links source and receiver Example texting or talking Feedback Communication given to the source by the receiver to indicate understanding meaning Field of Experience Overlap of sender s and receiver s culture experiences and heredity in communication Experience Everything you are race gender age You bring this to every communication you go through One s field of experience needs to be able to overlap w another s for communication to happen Like linear view criticized because model suggests one person acts as a sender while the other acts as receiver in a communication encounter l o Communication as Transaction Transactional Mode View of communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages Requires us to recognize the influence of one message on another One message builds on previous one therefore there is an interdependency between and among the components of the communication Field of experiences are merged o 02 28 2012 Chapter 2 Thinking About the Field Traditions Contexts Context affects appropriate communication Communication exists in a context Contexts o Environments in which communication takes place o Affects appropriate communication Contexts of Communication IISOPMIH o Intrapersonal communication with oneself Self esteem degree of positive orientation people have about themselves Persuasion o Interpersonal face to face communication Role of cognition Decision making Attributions about others Attributions about self Relationship development Relationship maintenance Relationship dissolution Power and control attraction o Small Group communication with a group of people 3 or more Problem solving Leadership Communication networks communication patterns through which information flows Power norms o Organizational communication within and among large and extended environments Extremely diverse in that organizational communication necessarily entails interpersonal encounters public speaking opportunities small group situations and mediated experiences Culture Power Morale Worker satisfaction Hierarchy productivity o Public Rhetorical communication to a large audience Aristotle Ethos convince audience of expertise through display of knowlege Pathos emotional appeal Logos logical appeal Speech and Text Criticism Communication Apprehension general sense of fear of speaking before an audience o Mass Mediated communication to a very large audience through mediated forms Effects on Culture o Intercultural Between and among cultures Co cultures groups of individuals who are part of the same larger culture but who can be classified around various identities How culture affects communication Researchers and theorists purposely explore the interactions and events between and among people of different cultures Researchers inherently accept the fact that human behavior is culturally based o Health communication between and among members of Gender different cultures Interpersonal Public Health Diffusion Networks 02 28 2012 Chapter 3 Thinking About Theory and Research Theory An abstract system of concepts and their relationships among these concepts that help us to understand a phenomenon Class Definition Any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon Stephen Littlejohn o another interpretation any theory is a representation or explanation of a communication A set of statements specifying an explanatory relationship between two or more classes of phenomenon Mary John Smith o theory needs to include explanation o needs to include a how or why different theorists have different approaches to theory Components o Concepts Words or terms that label the most important elements in a theory Cohesiveness Groupthink Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance Theory Lack of harmony Self Symbolic Interaction Theory Scene Dramatism Real concepts Concepts that are directly observable Ex Personal rituals or spatial distance Nominal concepts Concepts that are not directly observable Ex Democracy or love o Relationships one another The ways in which the concepts of a theory relate to Ex Ch 1 three different models of communication the concepts involved w each one very similar The relationship specified among the concepts in each model was the difference Goals o Describe to understand What Put in an intelligible frame o Explanation How or why o Prediction theory o Control Social
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