Chapter 1 Aristotle Fixity of species species do not change Efficiency and organization of organisms Great Chain of Being humans near the top Nicolas Copernicus Archbishop James Usher Earth and humans was the center of the universe Counted number of begats or generations in the bible to calculate the date of creation John Ray Looked at physical characteristics groups of plants and animals can be distinguished by their ability to reproduce with one another Coined terms species and genus Carolus Linnaeus Classified humans based on morphological and behavioral similarity Binomial nomenclature naming system for all organisms consisting of a genus and species label Lamarckian Change The inheritance of acquired characteristics by using or not using its body parts an individual tends to develop certain characteristics which it passes on to its offspring giraffe example Catastrophism world s geographic landscapes are results of cataclysmic Uniformitarianism the same gradual geological processes that are happening in the world today were also operating in the past Influenced by Charles Lyell Surveyed the south seas s America and galapagos to collect plants and animals Naturally occurring species also have selective pressures for survival Natural selection acts on the individual but it is the pop that evolves On the Origin of Species species evolved from ancestral species species are mutable Alfred Russel Wallace Co discovered the theory of natural selection and conversed with darwin Father of biogeography Thomas Henry Huxley Darwins bulldog Defender of evolutionary theory Georges Cuvier events Charles Lyell Charles Darwin Chapters 2 and 3 DNA Nuclear DNA found in somatic cells and gametes makes up chromosomes humans have 23 pairs complete set called a genome Nucleotide made up of sugar phosphate and base Double helix ladderlike structure ladder base made up of o Adenine thymine guanine cytosine o Pairs are A T and C G Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein Functions of DNA Replication DNA copies itself through cell division o Mitosis cell reproduction production of identical somatic cells DNA replication followed by one cell division diploid cell o Meiosis cell reproduction production of gamete cells Gametes are haploid they carry half of the mothers DNA and half of the fathers DNA does not result in an identical copy Protein synthesis RNA carries instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins o Transcription mRNA is formed within the nucleus uracil replaces thymine and the strand travels to the ribosomes to perform translation o Translation mRNA is translated into transfer RNA tRNA which assembles amino acids into proteins within the ribosomes Allele a variety of the particular gene Only 50 of ones genes are passed with sex With parthenogenesis asexual one passes on 100 Chapter 4 4 key ways evolutionary changes occur Selection genetic drift gene flow gene exchange and mutation genetic drift randomization of variability Random changes in gene frequency in a pop gene flow the gain or loss of alleles from a pop by the movement of individuals or gametes mutation change in an organism s DNA that creates a new allele Bottleneck effect reduction of alleles in a pop resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces pop size Founder effect resulting from the colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals results in random change of the gene pool intra sexual selection male male competition inter sexual selection female choice to choose males between 2 species Kin selection Hamiltons rule more likely to have altruistic behavior for closer kin o will be favored by selection if the benefits of the behavior outweigh the costs biological concept if 2 species have an offspring that is not viable then they re not the same species Offspring is totally new species Reproductive Isolation offspring is not viable and cant make baby barriers to interbreeding and successful gene flow exist between species ecological concept shared enviro shared characteristics Speciation allopatric speciation speciation occurs b c of geographic barriers parapatric speciation developing traits and separating into new species naturally sympatric speciation same location species have more than one phenotype and the phenotypes are equally as advantageous so they both survive and are separated analogous convergent evolution similar or same traits are due to same geographic location homologous same trait b c of shared ancestor taxonomy the science of biological classification phylogeny tree of ancestral and descendant relationships between species and genera speciation formation of one or more new species via reproductive isolation analogous convergence similarity of traits due to similar use not ancestry ex birds and butterflies both have wings homologous common ancestor similarity of traits due to shared ancestry Chapter 5 adaptability the ability of an organism to make positive changes after exposure to stressful environmental conditions acclimatization short term changes in physiology in response to changes in environmental conditions Bergmann s Rule Those in cold climates are heavier Allen s Rule Those in warm climates have longer limbs to dissipate heat race is cultural most racial traits are polygenic more than one gene contributes to the phenotypic trait most variation is WITHIN populations black skin came first skin color is polygenic Biological trait influenced by several genes Darkest skins are distributed along the equator Role of natural selection in producing variation in skin color displays explanatory approach to human biological diversity Chapter 6 Primates rely more on vision Binocular vision overlapping both eyes see it Stereoscopic vision completely overlapping vision like eyes facing forward like human eyes vision goes to both hemispheres allows depth perception arboreal hypothesis stereoscopic vision grasping hands opposable thumbs and nails are for living in trees visual predation hypothesis stereoscopic vision depth perceptive vision and grasping hands are for catching prey strepsirhines prosimians adapoids Lemurs lorises and galagos The most primitive primates Postorbital bar Grooming claw Tapetum lucidum Lemurs o ONLY ones that are matriarchal o 2133 dental formula o found in madagascar o some diurnal some nocturnal Lorises o Climb on all fours o Nocturnal o 2133 dental o solitary or small groups galagos o nocturnal o solitary o 2133 Tarsiers are the ONLY prosimians