CHAPTER 11: Early Hominins1. EARLIEST HOMININS1.) S. tchadensis – Toumai (found in Chad  Africa)320-350 cc sized brain (chimplike), primitive teethFlat face, brow ridge, foramen magnum underneath (biped)2.) Orrorin tugenensis (6 mya)Molars smaller than A. ramidus -- thick enamel like usArms/fingers adapted for climbingThigh bone more human like (bipedal)Mixed woodland/savannah environment3.) Ardipithecus ramidus (4.5-4.3 mya)Noted for enamel thickness4.) Ardipithecus kadabba (4.4 mya)Found in Ethiopia  45% of skeleton found  data gathered for 15 yearsClassified as different species because canines are more chimp-likeArdipithecus is hominin because of canines and bipedalismBipedal pelvis** but opposable big toe**Not a knuckle walker; small brain***A. ramidus and A. kadabba considered same species now  classified as Ardipithecus ramidus (“Ardi”)2. AUSTRALOPITHECINES1.) Australopithecus anamensis (4.2-3.8 mya)Found in Kenya (mixed woodland environment)More derived characteristics = large molars, thick enamel, small canines, knees and ankles indicate bipedalismMore primitive = climbing arms, more ape-like skull, receding chinDental arcade = more U-shaped (ape) than V-shaped (us)2.) Australopithecus afrarensis (Lucy) (4-3 mya)13 individuals found in multiple areas across AfricaWoodland/drier savannah (Only in East Africa)Primitive (ancestral) traits = 404cc brain size (same as chimp); base is flared; sub-nasal prognathism; non-projecting caninesDerived traits = teeth and jaws intermediated between apes and humans (between U-shaped and parabolic)Medium-sized caninesModest diastema (gap between molars)< canine dimorphism than chimp but > than usSmaller inner cusp than chimps (1) and us (2)Primitive bipedalism, less efficient  ilium oriented back so abductors are less efficient  shorter legs = slower  wider pelvisSexual dimorphism = ratio 1.5 (male) : 1 (female)Greater sexual dimorphism than humans, chimps and bonobosMixture of arboreal and terrestrialMore efficient bipedalism, less efficient climbingSleeping in trees; long arms; curved fingers; bipedal pelvis3.) Australopithecus Africanus (Taung – 3 years old) (3-2.2 mya)1st Australopithecine discovered – only South Africa442 cc = brain size (similar to A. afarensis)More modern teeth than A. afarensisSmall brain, modern dentition = dentition evolved before brain sizeLocation of foramen magnum indicates bipedalismDerived traits = shorter face; subnasal prognathism; < dimorphic caninesDerived traits NOT shared with us = large molars for chewing (post-canine megadontia)Rapid maturation (like chimps)4.) Kenyanthropus platyops (3.5-3.2 mya)Mixed woodland savannah environment – Lake Turkana; AfricaThick enamel but smaller molars than all but A. ramidusBroad, flat facePossibly distorted afarensis5.) Australopithecus garhi (2.5 mya)Found in Ethiopia450 cc = brain sizeVery prognathic face; sagittal crestLegs longer than arms, unlike chimps & A. afarensisCanines, premolars, and molars larger than afarensis & africanusDiffered from other australopiths but lack derived features of other hominins3. ROBUST AUSTRALOPITHECINES1.) Australopithecus aethiopicus (2.5 mya) (“Black Skull”)Lake Turkana, KenyaJaw joint similar to A. afarensis, chimps, gorillas whereas we have a modified jaw hingeSame brain, body size as A. afarensisSimilar postcranially to Australopithecines with small brains relative to body sizeHuge molars, large lower jaw for powerful chewingFlared zygomatic arch makes face look flatHuge temporalis and masseter muscles for chewing2.) Australopithecus boisei (2.2-1.3 mya)Found TanzaniaRobust size = larger body, molars for really heavy chewing3.) Australopithecus robustus (1.8-1 mya)South Africa530 cc = brain size (bigger brain than other australopithecines)Sexual dimorphismBipedal; more heavy chewing than africanus (seeds, nuts, meat?)4.) Australopithecus sediba (1.9-1.78 mya)Found 2010 by Lee Berger, South AfricaClosest morphological comparisons are to A. africanus & H. erectusCombo of ancestral & derived traitsCranium, body size, proportion = austrolopith420 cc = brain sizeReduced size of molars & pelvis = homo trait (seen in h. erectus)CHAPTER 12 – The Genus Homo and Stone Tools1st appearance of Genus homo = 2.5 mya during periods of cyclic glaciationCharacteristics of Genus homo =Smaller teethMore efficient bipedalismTool use ??Less projecting face; larger, more rounded brain case1.) Homo habilis (1.9-1.6 mya)Ways similar to Homo =(1) bigger brain(2) smaller teeth with thinner enamel  parabolic dental arcade; rounded skull; reduced jaw musclesWood & Collard = put H. habilis with australopithecines because they say other Homo are fully terrestrial, larger, < dimorphismEARLY TOOL USEOldowan Industry 2.5 myaH. habilis/A. garhi carried toolsCores/flakes (sharp, cutting edger) (Mode 1 technique)HammerstonesBeginnings of archaeology – quarrying sites, home bases foundTaphonomy – how sites are created (preservation, fossilization, etc)Teeth = smooth grooves; flakes = serrated groovesLower Paleolithic Industry = Oldowan and Acheulean traditionFlakes, cleavers, hand axe, bifaced, standardized, Movius line (bamboo) etc.Hand axes = used to butcher large animals, stripping tree bark, digging, etc.in East Asia, H. erectus used bamboo (Movius Line)Only mode 1 tools, no mode 2Reasons for African Exodus = search for resources; generalized diet allowed adaptation to new environment; no competition in new environments (?); population expansion; etc.Possible fire use = 1.6-1.5 mya ??2.) Homo erectus (1.6 mya)Shorter arms, longer legs (like us); narrow hips, shoulders (like us)Brain size = 700-1200 cc (much larger brains than australopiths)Heavily muscledMajor features = increased brain size***, angular vault, cranial superstructuresH. erectus and H. ergaster very similar but erectus = thicker skull, bigger brow ridge, sagittal keel, more pronounced occipital torusAncestral traits = narrow behind eyes, receding forehead, no chinDerived traits (shared with us) = Less prognathic face, smaller jaws & teeth, larger bodyDerived traits (NOT shared with us) = occipital torus, large brow ridgesNo nerves to control breathing during speech = no language (?)3.) H. floresiensis “Hobbit” (800 kya)380 cc = brain size7 individuals found, measured at about 3 ft tallPossibly dwarfed H. erectus? Island environment linked to dwarfismUsed Mode 1 tools (flakes, etc.)  made tools and hunted large gameCHAPTER 13: The