CHAPTER 13: THE NEANDERTHALSHominid Evolution occurred in Middle to Late Pleistocene (600 kya)H. Heidelbergensis (precursor to Neanderthals) begins surfacing during this periodNeanderthals make first appearance in Europe1.) Kabwe “Broken Hill” Zambia (400-200 kya)Prominent torus – large face – long, low cranium – occipital bun – robust post-crania – skull not football shaped1325 cc = brain size (modern human sized brain)2.) Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca“Pit of bones” – possible burial; 28 remains found550-350 kyaMost remains are considered H. heidelbergensis3.) Schoningen, Germany (400 kya)Well preserved wooden spears found in anaerobic environment (no oxygen)Earliest, oldest organic tools ever discoveredIndicates use of other materials beyond just stone for toolsH. heidelbergensis = first clear evidence of large game huntingSystematic, organized hunting  Stampede prey off cliffClassic Neanderthal (27-150 kya)Found in Europe, Middle East, Western AsiaNeander Valley – Germany, 1856Burial site at La Chapelle-aux-SaintsLived in Ice Age environment – freezing periods interspersed with warmer interglacial periodsMega fauna, gigantism common – cave animalsCranial Morphology of NeanderthalsPost Crania Morphology of NeanderthalsLarge supraorbital torus (brow ridges)Massive buildHuge nasal aperture (hole where the nose goes)Short statureOccipital bunBarrel chestMid-facial prognathismShort limbsRetro-molar space (space at back of jaw, past molars)Heavy muscle markings on boneLarge brain size – 1400 ccAdaptive to cold environmentNo projecting chin (retreating mandibular symphysis)Gracile superior pubic ramus (pelvic bone?)Long, low craniaBig brain but short developmental period (slightly faster than modern humans)Distinctive inner ear – less agility, less adept balance skillsOTHER CHARACTERISTICS:Neanderthal hyoid bones may indicate speech/language abilityMental capacity for languageIntentional burielsControl of fireCaves = home basesMousterian tool industry usedTOOL DEVELOPMENT: Mousterian Industry (150-130 kya)Characteristics of Mousterian Industry =Lavallois flake technique “prepared core”Knives, punches, dentrites, etc.Neanderthals DEFINITELY:Wore clothingControlled fireHunted (close contact hunting)Neanderthals used varying tool types:Side scrapers = 1 rough edge, 1 smooth edgePoints = fit onto end of spearsBurins = used as chisel, tool engraverDenticulate = saw-like, used to drill holesTeeth used as toolsNeanderthal Finding Sites:4.) Vilas Ruivas, Portugal (60 kya)Mousterian Industry = earliest known constructed hearths5.) Kebara, Israel (60 kya)Contains most complete Neanderthal skeleton knownPreserved hyoid, missing cranium25,000 Mousterian stone tools6.) Amud, Israel (70-50 kya)Fragmentary skeleton , 1.8 meters tall1,740 cc = largest brain size7.) Tabun, Israel (200-41 kya)Thousands of stone tools and animal remains presentShows long sequence of intermittent hominin occupationANT2511: INTRO TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY CHAPTER 13: THE NEANDERTHALS- Hominid Evolution occurred in Middle to Late Pleistocene (600 kya)- H. Heidelbergensis (precursor to Neanderthals) begins surfacing during this period- Neanderthals make first appearance in Europe 1.) Kabwe “Broken Hill” Zambia (400-200 kya) - Prominent torus – large face – long, low cranium – occipital bun – robust post-crania – skull not football shaped - 1325 cc = brain size (modern human sized brain) 2.) Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca - “Pit of bones” – possible burial; 28 remains found - 550-350 kya - Most remains are considered H. heidelbergensis3.) Schoningen, Germany (400 kya) - Well preserved wooden spears found in anaerobic environment (no oxygen) o Earliest, oldest organic tools ever discovered o Indicates use of other materials beyond just stone for toolsH. heidelbergensis = first clear evidence of large game hunting Systematic, organized hunting  Stampede prey off cliff Classic Neanderthal (27-150 kya)- Found in Europe, Middle East, Western Asia- Neander Valley – Germany, 1856 - Burial site at La Chapelle-aux-Saints- Lived in Ice Age environment – freezing periods interspersed with warmer interglacial periods- Mega fauna, gigantism common – cave animalsANT2511: INTRO TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Cranial Morphology of Neanderthals Post Crania Morphology of Neanderthals Large supraorbital torus (brow ridges) Massive buildHuge nasal aperture (hole where the nose goes) Short statureOccipital bun Barrel chest Mid-facial prognathism Short limbs Retro-molar space (space at back of jaw, past molars)Heavy muscle markings on bone Large brain size – 1400 cc Adaptive to cold environment No projecting chin (retreating mandibular symphysis) Gracile superior pubic ramus (pelvic bone?) Long, low crania Big brain but short developmental period (slightly faster than modern humans) Distinctive inner ear – less agility, less adeptbalance skillsANT2511: INTRO TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OTHER CHARACTERISTICS:- Neanderthal hyoid bones may indicate speech/language ability - Mental capacity for language - Intentional buriels- Control of fire- Caves = home bases- Mousterian tool industry used TOOL DEVELOPMENT: Mousterian Industry (150-130 kya) - Characteristics of Mousterian Industry = o Lavallois flake technique “prepared core” o Knives, punches, dentrites, etc. - Neanderthals DEFINITELY:o Wore clothingo Controlled fireo Hunted (close contact hunting)- Neanderthals used varying tool types:o Side scrapers = 1 rough edge, 1 smooth edgeo Points = fit onto end of spearso Burins = used as chisel, tool engravero Denticulate = saw-like, used to drill holeso Teeth used as toolsNeanderthal Finding Sites: 4.) Vilas Ruivas, Portugal (60 kya) - Mousterian Industry = earliest known constructed hearths5.) Kebara, Israel (60 kya) - Contains most complete Neanderthal skeleton known - Preserved hyoid, missing cranium - 25,000 Mousterian stone tools 6.) Amud, Israel (70-50 kya) - Fragmentary skeleton , 1.8 meters tall - 1,740 cc = largest brain size 7.) Tabun, Israel (200-41 kya) - Thousands of stone tools and animal remains present- Shows long sequence of intermittent hominin