CHAPTER 14: EARLY MODERN HUMANS (E.M.H.) AND END OF NEANDERTHALSDefinition of a Modern Human =Anatomically modern in key features of the skull, growth and development is like modern humansBehavior must include:Symbolic thought (i.e. burials, personal adornment, complex culture, etc.)Tool technology (i.e. aurignacion blades, projectiles, micro tools)First modern humans = from East Africa (200-160 kya)Sites =Omo (partial skull found)Higher foreheadRobust torus; chinHerto (complete cranium found)160 kyaRobust torus; angular occipital (not quite bun)Vertical forehead, flat faceEMH still very robustEMH used Middle Stone Age Mousterian toolsNew practice by EMH to cover individuals in ochre when burying themEarly art/ritualSource of “Cro-Magnon Man” = Cro-Magnon France (30-32 kya)Anatomically modern humans with traumatic injuriesBurial sites with many individuals (mass grave)Dolne-Vestonice triple burial sitePossible kiln20 kya = more elaborate and numerous burials beginMODERN HUMANS IN EUROPE & THE END OF THE NEANDERTHAL:Middle Pleistocene: 700-125 kyaUpper Pleistocene: 125-10 kyaMiddle Paleolithic: 300-40 kyaUpper Paleolithic: 40-10 kyaAurignacian: 40-28 kyaAppearance of new artifactsBlades, bone tools, figurative art, cave paintings, musical instrumentsFollowed by Gravettian (28-22 kya) – more examples of emerging cultureBlades = sharper edges, “twice as long as they are wide”Chatelperronian: 35-29 kya (associated with Neanderthals)The last Neanderthals were spread across Europe  pockets in the Iberian PeninsulaSt. Cesaire, France = 36 kyaMiddle and Upper Paleolithic tools found at this siteOverlap of modern humans in EuropeLagar Velho, Portugal = 28-24 kyaChild burial, covered in ochreReceding chin, etc.Short distal limb segments = possibly a Neanderthal & EMH hybrid?Crania = modern humanPostcrania = NeanderthalEMH influence on Neanderthals = appearance of Chatelperronian industry in Southern France/Northern Spain  pendants and blades added to Mousterian style tools  indicates interaction with EMH (35-29 kya)  EMH larger brain capacity led to more complex tool industry  EMH interacted with Neanderthals, who pick up ideas to make tools more sophisticated over a very short period of timeChatelperronian tools = no change over a million years, then Aurignacian tools appearSimilar tools but different techniquesWHY DID NEANDERTHALS GO EXTINCT?Climate changeDietary breadth (limitation of diet)CannibalismEnergy cost of Neanderthals = 32% higher than EMHFierce competitionEMH had more intelligence, better tools, material cultureORIGINS OF MODERN HUMANS:Two theories =Multi-Regional Evolution (Wolpoff)All living humans derive from H. erectus that left Africa ~1.8 myaImplies populational continuity between non-modern and modern Homo (gene flow)Ripple effectRecent Out of Africa (Stringer)  Replacement theoryEarliest modern H. sapiens are in AfricaNo gene flowCladogenic event 200-100 kya in Africa (“Eve”)  replaced existing species throughout the worldCannon ball effect (1 species drives out all the others)Both theories base a lot of assumption of gene flowMost theorists prefer a hybrid/combo of ROA and MRELarge movement of modern H. sapiens out of Africa 100 kya, interbreeding occurs with Asian and European populationsEuropean Neanderthals swallowed up by modern human gene poolCombo theory indicates moderate gene flowGENETICS:Older populations have the most time to develop differences  Africa has most genetic variability, then ME, then Asia/EuropeAfrican “Eve” – 200 kya  African populations have the most number of mutations because it’s the oldest populationMutation rate estimated as constantmtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) extracted from Neanderthal  shows separation of ~400 kya (200 kya before “Eve”)Falls outside variation of modern humansNuclear DNA = Neanderthals show closer affinity to modern Eurasian populations than African populationsB/t 1-4% of Eurasian genome comes from Neanderthals into modern gene poolSUMMARY:EMH have recent origin in AfricaOldest modern DNA, oldest anatomically modern humans, & the oldest “modern” tools came from AfricaRelationships between modern humans and Neanderthals = less certainANT2511: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGYCHAPTER 14: EARLY MODERN HUMANS (E.M.H.) AND END OF NEANDERTHALS Definition of a Modern Human =- Anatomically modern in key features of the skull, growth and development is like modern humans - Behavior must include: o Symbolic thought (i.e. burials, personal adornment, complex culture, etc.)o Tool technology (i.e. aurignacion blades, projectiles, micro tools) First modern humans = from East Africa (200-160 kya) - Sites = o Omo (partial skull found) Higher forehead Robust torus; chino Herto (complete cranium found) 160 kya  Robust torus; angular occipital (not quite bun) Vertical forehead, flat face- EMH still very robust- EMH used Middle Stone Age Mousterian tools New practice by EMH to cover individuals in ochre when burying them- Early art/ritualSource of “Cro-Magnon Man” = Cro-Magnon France (30-32 kya)ANT2511: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY- Anatomically modern humans with traumatic injurieso Burial sites with many individuals (mass grave)Dolne-Vestonice triple burial site- Possible kiln20 kya = more elaborate and numerous burials beginMODERN HUMANS IN EUROPE & THE END OF THE NEANDERTHAL: - Middle Pleistocene: 700-125 kya - Upper Pleistocene: 125-10 kya - Middle Paleolithic: 300-40 kya- Upper Paleolithic: 40-10 kyao Aurignacian: 40-28 kya  Appearance of new artifacts  Blades, bone tools, figurative art, cave paintings, musical instruments Followed by Gravettian (28-22 kya) – more examples of emerging culture  Blades = sharper edges, “twice as long as they are wide”o Chatelperronian: 35-29 kya (associated with Neanderthals) - The last Neanderthals were spread across Europe  pockets in the Iberian Peninsula - St. Cesaire, France = 36 kya o Middle and Upper Paleolithic tools found at this siteo Overlap of modern humans in EuropeANT2511: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY- Lagar Velho, Portugal = 28-24 kyao Child burial, covered in ochreo Receding chin, etc. o Short distal limb segments = possibly a Neanderthal & EMH hybrid?  Crania = modern human  Postcrania = Neanderthal - EMH influence on Neanderthals = appearance of Chatelperronian industry in Southern France/Northern Spain  pendants and blades added to Mousterian style