CHAPTER 12 – THE GENUS HOMO AND STONE TOOLS1st appearance of Genus homo = 2.5 mya during periods of cyclic glaciationCharacteristics of Genus homo =Smaller teethMore efficient bipedalismTool use ??Less projecting face; larger, more rounded brain case1.) Homo habilis (1.9-1.6 mya)Ways similar to Homo =(1) bigger brain(2) smaller teeth with thinner enamel  parabolic dental arcade; rounded skull; reduced jaw musclesWood & Collard = put H. habilis with australopithecines because they say other Homo are fully terrestrial, larger, < dimorphismEARLY TOOL USEOldowan Industry 2.5 myaH. habilis/A. garhi carried toolsCores/flakes (sharp, cutting edger) (Mode 1 technique)HammerstonesBeginnings of archaeology – quarrying sites, home bases foundTaphonomy – how sites are created (preservation, fossilization, etc)Teeth = smooth grooves; flakes = serrated groovesLower Paleolithic Industry = Oldowan and Acheulean traditionFlakes, cleavers, hand axe, bifaced, standardized, Movius line (bamboo) etc.Hand axes = used to butcher large animals, stripping tree bark, digging, etc.in East Asia, H. erectus used bamboo (Movius Line)Only mode 1 tools, no mode 2Reasons for African Exodus = search for resources; generalized diet allowed adaptation to new environment; no competition in new environments (?); population expansion; etc.Possible fire use = 1.6-1.5 mya ??2.) Homo erectus (1.6 mya)Shorter arms, longer legs (like us); narrow hips, shoulders (like us)Brain size = 700-1200 cc (much larger brains than australopiths)Heavily muscledMajor features = increased brain size***, angular vault, cranial superstructuresH. erectus and H. ergaster very similar but erectus = thicker skull, bigger brow ridge, sagittal keel, more pronounced occipital torusAncestral traits = narrow behind eyes, receding forehead, no chinDerived traits (shared with us) = Less prognathic face, smaller jaws & teeth, larger bodyDerived traits (NOT shared with us) = occipital torus, large brow ridgesNo nerves to control breathing during speech = no language (?)3.) H. floresiensis “Hobbit” (800 kya)380 cc = brain size7 individuals found, measured at about 3 ft tallPossibly dwarfed H. erectus? Island environment linked to dwarfismUsed Mode 1 tools (flakes, etc.)  made tools and hunted large gameANT2511: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGYCHAPTER 12 – THE GENUS HOMO AND STONE TOOLS1st appearance of Genus homo = 2.5 mya during periods of cyclic glaciation Characteristics of Genus homo = - Smaller teeth- More efficient bipedalism - Tool use ?? - Less projecting face; larger, more rounded brain case 1.) Homo habilis (1.9-1.6 mya) - Ways similar to Homo = o (1) bigger braino (2) smaller teeth with thinner enamel  parabolic dental arcade; rounded skull; reduced jaw muscles- Wood & Collard = put H. habilis with australopithecines because they say other Homo are fully terrestrial, larger, < dimorphism EARLY TOOL USE Oldowan Industry 2.5 mya- H. habilis/A. garhi carried toolso Cores/flakes (sharp, cutting edger) (Mode 1 technique) o Hammerstones- Beginnings of archaeology – quarrying sites, home bases found- Taphonomy – how sites are created (preservation, fossilization, etc)- Teeth = smooth grooves; flakes = serrated groovesLower Paleolithic Industry = Oldowan and Acheulean traditionANT2511: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY- Flakes, cleavers, hand axe, bifaced, standardized, Movius line (bamboo) etc. - Hand axes = used to butcher large animals, stripping tree bark, digging, etc. - in East Asia, H. erectus used bamboo (Movius Line) o Only mode 1 tools, no mode 2 Reasons for African Exodus = search for resources; generalized diet allowed adaptation to new environment; no competition in new environments (?); population expansion; etc. Possible fire use = 1.6-1.5 mya ?? 2.) Homo erectus (1.6 mya) - Shorter arms, longer legs (like us); narrow hips, shoulders (like us)- Brain size = 700-1200 cc (much larger brains than australopiths) - Heavily muscled- Major features = increased brain size***, angular vault, cranial superstructures- H. erectus and H. ergaster very similar but erectus = thicker skull, bigger brow ridge, sagittal keel, more pronounced occipital torus- Ancestral traits = narrow behind eyes, receding forehead, no chin- Derived traits (shared with us) = Less prognathic face, smaller jaws & teeth, larger body - Derived traits (NOT shared with us) = occipital torus, large brow ridges - No nerves to control breathing during speech = no language (?)3.) H. floresiensis “Hobbit” (800 kya) - 380 cc = brain size - 7 individuals found, measured at about 3 ft tall - Possibly dwarfed H. erectus? Island environment linked to dwarfism- Used Mode 1 tools (flakes, etc.)  made tools and hunted large game KNOW THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TYPES OF TOOL INDUSTRY FOR EXAMS – Oldowan vs. Achulean, etc. Test Questions =  Are Oldowan tools (2.5 mya) very proficient at butchering animals? Yes.ANT2511: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Why is Homo erectus shown as terrestrial? Because it had same body proportions as modern people who live in tropical