Chapter 1 1 What is psychology The scientific study of the mind and behavior 2 Early origins of psychology Separated from biology philosophy and medicinesurv 3 W Wundt Created the first psychological laboratory Believed in self observation one s own experiences 4 Sigmund Freud Believed in the unconscious mind Psychoanalytic theory 5 Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning Paired association Digestive conditioning 6 Psychoanalytic theory Freud How the unconscious mind affects emotions behavior thoughts and feelings Chapter 2 1 What is a hypothesis A questionable and falsifiable prediction made by a theory Tested through research The amount of times a theory was tested and created the same results 2 Reliability 3 Validity Extent to which a measurement a property are conceptually related 4 Demand Characteristics Learned behaviors Aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should Racism Prejudice 5 Research methods Naturalistic observation observing someone in their natural habitat and recording their behaviors Survey Questionnare questioning a certain number of people keeps anon Sample partial collection of people who actually were measured in a study 6 Ethics of scientific research Do no harm Respect people and animals Respect the truth Chapter 3 1 Neurons Do not touch Send information to other neurons about information processing tasks Send information to the rest of the body Sometimes eat the dead neurons in the body Support cells in the nervous system Form the myelin sheath 2 Glial cells 3 Synapses Space in between the neurons Region between the axon of one neuron the dendrites or cell body of another Receive information from the outside world and relay it via spinal chord 4 Sensory neurons 5 Neurotransmitters Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neurons dendrites 6 Brain Lateralization How some functions tend to be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other Chapter 4 1 Sensation 2 Perception Stimulation of a sense organ The organization identification interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation 3 Just noticeable difference JND The minimal difference in stimulus needed to detect a change in a stimulus but barely is detected 4 Absolute threshold The minimal amount of stimulus needed to barely detect the stimulus 5 Taste receptors Recognizes sour sweet salty bitter umami 6 Retina Light sensitive part of the back of the eye Consists of rods cones photoreceptors 7 Rod Black white vision Most abundant in the eye 8 Cones Color vision Less abundant in the eye 9 Taste buds The organ of taste transduction 10 Memory 11 Implicit memory 12 Explicit memory 13 Procedural memory Motor cognitive skills 14 Flashbulb memory The ability to encode retrieve and store information over time The influence of past experiences on later behavior performance The act of consciously retrieving past experiences A vivid memory of a place experience or traumatic time Example 9 11 JFK assassination 15 Sensory memory Place in which sensory memory is kept for a few seconds or less Either iconic or echoic 16 Long term memory 17 Anterograde amnesia 18 Retrograde amnesia A type of storage that holds information for hours days weeks or years The inability to create long time memories from short term memories The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date Due to injury 19 Long term potentiation Communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection making further communication easier 20 Iconic memory Fast decaying storage of visual information 21 Echoic memory Fast decaying storage of auditory information Chapter 7 1 Classical conditioning evokes a response 2 Acquisition together 3 Discrimination 4 Extinction Learning through paired association between things When a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally Classical conditioning When the CS conditioned response the US unconditioned response are presented Knowing the difference between two stimuli The absence of a stimulus causes the gradual elimination of the response 5 Observational learning Learning through observing others behaviors 6 Operant conditioning Whether or not a behavior will occur again based on the response 7 Fixed interval schedule Reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods 8 Variable interval schedule Reinforcements are presented after a certain amount of time has passed since previous reinforcement 9 Variable ratio schedule Reinforcements based on a particular average number of responses 10 Fixed ratio schedule Reinforcements are presented after a specific number of responses 11 Shaping Learning that results from the reinforcement are present Neurotransmitters GABA seizures Serotonin depression Dopamine parkinsons schizophrenia Acetylcholine alzheimers Norepinephrine depression Endorphins runners high Informed consent Scientific codes 1 2 Freedom from coercion 3 Protection from harm 4 Deception 5 Debriefing 6 Confidentiality